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WOODBURY'S 



TABLES AND NOTES 



ON THE 



CttUftotiou, $&uuufaKivLvt f mt® jForcfgtf &v#tft 



OF 



COTTON. 



■i 






WASHINGTON: 

PRINTED BY BLAIR & RIVES 



1836. 



\ 



n B 



These tabular statements, showing the extent of the cultivation, manufac- 
ture, and export of cotton, were prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
under the circumstances stated in his report to the House, of Representa- 
tives, in answer to the call on him to lay them before that body. A large 
number of them was ordered to be printed by the House ; but so many im- 
portant facts upon an interesting branch of statistical research were ascer- 
tained to 'have been condensed in these tables, and the notes accompanying 
them, as to inspire a strongly expressed wish that an edition might be pub- 
lished for general circulation, independent of that printed for Congress. 
This was acquiesced in by the author, and the present edition is accordingly 
submitted to the public without any addition or amendment. 






21th Congress, [ Doc. No. 146. ] Ifo - OF Kefs - 

1st Session. Treas. Dept. 



COTTON. 
CULTIVATION, MANUFACTURE AND FOREIGN TRADR OF'. 



I, E T T E R 



from 



THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, 



TRANSMITTING 



Tables and notes on the Cultivation, Manufacture, and Foreign Trade 

of Cotton. 



March 4, 1836. 

Referred to the Committee on Manufactures, and 15,000 extra copies ordered to be printed 
under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury. 



Treasury Department, Feb. 29, 1836. 

Sir: Certain tabular statements and notes on the cultivation and manu- 
facture, together with the imports and exports of cotton, are herewith sub- 
mitted to the House of Representatives, in compliance with their resolution 
of the 12th instant; 

-■ Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to transmit 
to this House the tables indicated 'in a note to his annual report, showing 
the progress in the cultivation and manufacture of cotton in the United 
States, and in other countries ; also, showing the comparative quantity and 
value of exports and imports of cotton, and cotton manufactures, in the 
United States and other countries." 

In order that the true character of these tables may be understood, and 
no expectation as to their contents be formed, which an examination of 
therh might disappoint, a brief explanation will be given of their origin. 
progress, "and present state of completion. 

They were not commenced till the last year; were at first very limited 
in their object, and have been attended to since, only at a few brief inter- 
vals of leisure. In the course of that year, while making official investi- 
gations, they were begun, with a view to the collection of such general 
statistical facts as might enable me to form a satisfactory opinion, upon the 
extent of influence which the rapid increase of the growth and manufac- 
ture of cotton in this country had exercised, and was likely to exercise 
for a few ensuing years, upon our revenue from foreign importations, and 
from the sales of the public lands in the southwestern States and Territories. 

In the pursuit of these inquiries, the influences of the trade in cotton, 
whether raw or manufactured, on our exports of domestic products, on 
our imports of cotton fabrics in particular, and generally upon all our 
Blair & Rives, printers. 



2 [ Doc. No. 146. 1 

foreign importation, as far as dependent on the amount of our exports ; 
and, in fine, its effect upon our whole foreign commerce, as well as on 
many other branches of our national prosperity, became highly interesting 
portions of the principal investigation. 

That investigation was also originally confined to the culture and manu- 
facture of cotton in this country since the adoption of our constitution. 
But in the course of my inquiries, finding that the cultivation of cotton 
here, and the extent of our exportations of it, were intimately connected 
with the growth and exportation as well as the manufacture of it in other 
countries, and that not only our foreign trade, but our foreign relations of 
peace and war, would probably be hereafter much influenced by the com- 
mercial connections which the growth and manufacture of cotton appeared 
to have established between them and us, I endeavored, incidentally, to 
collect and preserve, and afterwards arrange, such general statistical facts 
'upon these points, during the same period, in relation to other countries,, 
but chiefly England and France, as could be obtained amidst the pressure 
of other business in the short time partially devoted to the investigation o! 
this subject. 

Many of the statements in the columns from books and reports mighl 
doubtless have been made fuller, could I have commanded greater leisure 
for this object, and especially might more have been added by way of esti- 
mate from a few important data embraced under several particular heads. 
The whole topic, likewise, of the domestic trade in raw cotton and its ma- 
nufactures, between different portions of the same country, and especially 
of the United States, might have been usefully embraced, had it come more 
directly within the scope of my inquiries, and had time permitted. It 
would throw much light on the coasting trade; communication by roads- 
and canals; different habits and pursuits of the people in different portions 
of the same country, and their reciprocal dependence for certain raw and! 
manufactured articles, tending so strongly, as for example it does here, to 
preserve frequent, constant, and friendly inteicourse, and to cultivate and 
strengthen, for both convenience and interest, the bonds of harmony and 
union. 

But unable to enlarge on that, my great solicitude was to obtain, m the first 
place, pertinent facts, in as great a number as practicable, with a view to form 
afterwards such estimates and inferences connected with the general object 
originally proposed, as might throw some new light upon it. The sources 
whence most of those facts were drawn I noted down, in order to determine 
afterwards the degree of reliance which should be placed on such as might 
be found to appear doubtful. In the notes appended to the several tables,. 
the authorities for most of the tacts are accordingly referred to. Where 
the authorities are not given, the statements in the columns are usually the 
result of my own computations, deduced from the best information at my 
command. 

Having proceeded far enough in the inquiries and statements to answer 
the purposes originally contemplated. I formed the general estimates, deduc- 
tions, and opinions, upon the influence of the growth and manufacture of 
cotton in this country over its revenue, commerce, and prosperity, which 
were expressed in several places in my last annual report, and which, with 
some comparative statements connected with this subject, are, on account 
of their intimate connection, extracted and appended. (Marked Q,.) 
These tables being now called for by the House of Representatives, they 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 3 

are submitted without many of those details, which exist on all points, and 
particularly on such as relate to the different species and localities of the 
manufactures, and to the kinds of machinery employed in the several opera- 
tions. These last were easily obtainable, and to some inquirers might be 
very desirable. But as that minuteness did not come within the scope 
of my original examinations, what I have thus hastily collected and 
presented must be regarded rather as a few general facts for comparison, 
and as hints or suggestions to be followed out by others who enjoy more 
leisure, than as a full compilation of statistics on the subject of cotton. 
Yet in their present imperfect and meagre state, under some heads, they 
still contain under each, it is hoped, a few data which may prove useful 
since they bring together, in a condensed and systematic view, many 
scattered details on a subject very important to the finances of the country 
at this time, as well as to its future prosperity in each of the three great 
branches of national industry— agriculture, commerce, and manufactures. 
Any inferences or suggestions on the influence of tariffs, upon the growth 
or manufacture of cotton, or on the propriety of protection to manufac- 
tures, or other branches of our national interests, which have been so much 
agitated in former years, were studiously avoided, as not called for by the 
occasion, or the present condition of the country. 

The notes contain numerous illustrations, additional explanations, and 
facts, which could not be conveniently incorporated into the tables ; and 
some of which are very material for deciding correctly upon the accuracy 
of the figures and statements contained in the different columns. 

The general arrangement of the tables and notes is such, as to present 
first the facts and estimates on the growth or the crop of cotton, so far as 
practicable, for a number of different years, in those countries in the world 
where it is most cultivated. They exhibit next the foreign trade in raw 
cotton, by giving the exports and imports of it at several periods from and 
to most of the places abroad where it constitutes an article of much com- 
merce. 

The third set of tables shows the amount and condition of the manufac- 
ture of cotton, and its consumption at different dates, in most of the coun- 
tries where it is extensively used ; and the last series shows the foreign 
trade in those manufactures, during a number of years, from and to many 
of the principal places engaged in it. 

A more minute explanation of the contents of each table and its notes 
is given, for convenience of reference, in the schedule annexed. 
With these hasty explanatory remarks, 

I have the honor to be. 
Very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

LEVI WOODBURY, 
Secretary of the Treasury. 
Hon. James K. Polk, 

Speaker of the House of Representatives^ 



4 [ Doc. No, 146. ] 

SCHEDULE OF THE TABLES AND NOTES. 

A, B, and C, relate to the crop or growth of raw cotton. 

A, gives the quantity supposed to be raised in the world at a few different 
periods, and in each country where it grows. 

B. gives the quantity computed to be grown, at several dates, m each of the 
southern and southwestern States of this Union. 

0, gives the prices of it here, and in England, for many years ; the capital 
and the number of persons estimated to be employed' in growing it, and 
the value of the whole crop here and elsewhere. 

D, E, F] G, H, relate to the foreign trade, or the exports and imports of 

raw cotton. 

D, gives the exports from the different quarters of the world chiefly en 
gaged in that trade, at a few separate periods. 

E, gives the exports from most of the important places in the United States 
where it is shipped. 

F, gives the exports from, and to, most of the countries, engaged extensively 
in this trade. 

', gives the imports of it into England, at several dates, and the amount 
from each of the most important countries raising it. 
H, gives the imports into France, and whence, as well as the imports into 
k number of other places. 

J, K. L, relate to the manufacture and consumption of raw cotton, in 

several countries. 

1, gives the amount used and manufactured in most oi the countries where 
raw cotton is much worked up. 

K, gives the value of the manufactures of it in several countries, and the 

amount of capital employed in them. 
L, gives the spindles and number of persons employed in the manufacture, 

in some places, at different poriods. 

M, A 7 , O, relate to the foreign trade in cotton manufactures. 

M, gives the exports of them from several countries. 

N, gives the exports of them from England, and the amounts exported 
thence to several enumerated places, at different periods, so as to exhibit 
in the same table the imports of them into the same places from England. 

O, gives the exports of them from several other countries, and whither. 

P, is the last of the tables, and merely presents an exhibit of the dates of 
the most important changes in the growth, manufacture, and foreign 
trade of cotton, within the period chiefly referred to in the other tables. 



( 



I Doc. No. 146. j 



INTRODUCTORY NOTES. 

hi the subsequent tabhs the quantity of raw cotton has been computed 
in pounds, and when stated in the weights of other countries by the authors 
referred to, the edition (1831) of Kelly's Cambist lias been followed as a 
guide about the contents of the kilogramme, maud, picul, &c. The prices 
and values, when found in the denominations of foreign currencies, have 
also generally been reduced to dollars and cents, computing the pound 
sterling at $4 80; and the statements of all considerable quantities and 
amounts have usually been made only in millions and large fractions of 
millions. This has been done for convenience and uniformity, and was 
supposed to be sufficient, if not better, for the comparative and genera! 
purposes contemplated in the original formation of the tables. 

As most persons in conversation, and most authors, speak of " bales," or 
"'bags," rather than pounds, of cotton, whether refenng to the crop, the 
manufacture, or the exports and imports of it, some further explanation 
may be proper, to show why the term has not been employed in the state- 
ments contained in any of these tables. 

It was early discovered, in the preparation of them, that many contra- 
dictions and errors happened, from the uncertain quantity indicated by 
different persons in the use of those terms, and which might be obviated 
by always making the statements in pounds, and giving in a note the 
amount computed to be contained in bales and bags in different countries, 
so that the pounds could, when desirable, be converted again readily into 
bales or bags. By pursuing this course of using only the term pounds, the 
great object of comparison between the quantities of cotton grown or man- 
ufactured or exported at different periods, and in different countries, could 
also be more clearly and quicklv accomplished. 

In illustration of these remarks, and to furnish the quantity usually con- 
tained in each bale, bag, <fcc. it appears that in 1790 the bale or bag in the 
United States was computed at only 200 pounds. (See Treasury Report, 
15th February, 1791.) In the Atlantic States it is now estimated often at 
300 and 325" pounds, but in those on the Gulf of Mexico, at 400 and 450 
pounds. Those used at Lowell in 1831 contained, on an average, 361 
pounds (Pitkin's Statistics, page 527, note.) 

At Liverpool the Sea Island bale was, a few years ago, estimated at 280 
pounds, and the Upland at 320 pounds. The bales imported into France 
are estimated at 300 pounds each, by Baines's History of Cotton, page 525. 
In 1824 all the bales imported into Liverpool averaged 266 pounds, and 
increased yearly, till in 1832 they weighed, on an average, 319 pounds, 
(McCulloch, page 441). Though on the previous page he considers from 
300 to 310 pounds a fair average, and Burns, cited on same page, makes it 
310 pounds in 1832. The Egyptian bale contained once only 90 pounds; 
the Brazilian 180 pounds; (Pitk. 485;) the West Indian 350 pounds; and 
the Colombian bale or quintal, 101 pounds. (Cyclop, of Com.) In 1832, 
Burns says the average of the United States bale or bag imported into 
England, was 345 pounds; Brazilian 180 pounds; Egyptian 220 pounds; 
West Indian 300 pounds; East Indian 330 pounds. (See McCulloch, 441.) 

The amount of our own exports does not depend on computations from 
any of these data, but on the actual weight in pounds, sworn to at the cus- 
tom house. 



6 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

By the last annual report of the Liverpool market, made in January,. 
1836, it appears that the bales have so altered in their quantity, that the 
estimate of the present bales or hags is : ibr the upland 321 pounds; for 
Orleans and Alabama 402 pounds; for Sea Island 322 pounds; for Brazii 
173 pounds; for Egyptian 218 pounds; for East India 360 pounds ; and for 
West India 230 pounds. As improvements are made in pressing and 
packing closer, to save something in the expense of bagging and freight, 
the constant tendency has been here to increase the weight in a bale. 



[ Doc. No. 146. J 













A. 


















COTTON, RAW. 












Crop of cotton grown in — [1] 






! * 

o 


W 






i 

& ! 

b/j 

w 1 


ci 

< 

o 

O 

PS 


.2 


• 2 

tn 

<i 

o 

J. 


r— 1 «* — J 

°'Cp2 


a - ' 

is 

E 




ibs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


K~ 






Millions. 3 


Millions. 












' 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. Mill'ns. } 


Mill'ns. Mill'ns. . 


Millions. MilnV: 


1789 


_ 


1 
















1790 : 
1791 


490 


2 


22 


12 


1 

46 


130 


190 


68 




.1792 


[2] 


Q 
O 
















1793 


_ 


5 


















1794 


_ 


8 


















1795 


_ 


8 


















1796 j 


— 


10 


















1797 ! 


— 


11 


















1798 ; 


_ 


15 


















1799 : 


_ 


20 


















1800 
1801 


520 


35 

48 


36 


10 


„ 


15 


160 


160 


56 


15 


1802 


_ 


55 


















1803 


_ 


60 


















1801 


_ 


65 














. 




1895 





70 


















1806 


_ 


80 


















1807 


_ 


80 


















1808 





75 


















1809 




82 


















1810 
1811 


_ 

555 


85 
80 


35 


12 


i 

J 2 


44 


170 


146 


57 


11 


1812 


[3J 


75 


















1813 




75 


















1814 





70 


















1815 


_ 


100 


















1816 


1 — 


124 


















1817 





130 


















1818 





125 


















1819 


_ 


167 


















1820 
1821 


630 


160 

180 


32 


10 


6 40 


175 


135 


44 


8 


1822 




210 












i 






1823 




185 












1 






1824 




215 


















1825 


1 


255 


















1826 


_ 


350 


















1827 




270 


















1828 




325 


















1829 


j 


3(55 


















1830 
1831 


820 


350 

385 


38 


9 


18 


36 


180 


115 


35 


4 


1832 





390 


















1833 
1831 


900 


445 
460 


30 


8 


25} 


O A 


185 


110 


35 


13 


183:' 
[12] 


\ 




[4] 


[5] 


[6] 

1 


[7] 


j [8] 


[9] 


[10] 

r 


[11] 



S [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

[1.] It will be seen by the phraseology adopted, that the crop given against 
each year is that grown, and not that brought to market in the year, and 
that the year meant in the table is the calendar, and not the fiscal year. 
This course lias been pursued as more appropriate when applied to the 
raising- of a crop ; but in selling it. " the crop of 1835," for example, is 
often spoken of by others when that, which grew in 1S34, is the crop 
alluded to. This explanation will enable all to make their comparisons 
in the mode most convenient to them, and will remove some apparent con- 
tradictions between certain authors, 

1 2.] In forming an estimate of the whole crop of cotton grown in the 
world in any particular year, I have found no precedent to aid me except 
for the single year of 1834, when evidence was given before the Chamber of 
Peers, in France, that it probably amounted to about 460 millions of pounds. 
But this computation was so deficient, assigning none to Mexico, and none 
to S. America, or Africa, except to Brazil 24 millions of pounds, and to Egypt 
20 millions of pounds, and only 60 millions of pounds to India, and 350 mil- 
lions of pounds to the United States, and the balance of 6 millions of pounds 
to the West Indies, that no safe reliance could be placed on it as correct for 
the whole known world. My own course has been to ascertain from all 
attainable sources the exports in raw cotton of each country; to add to 
those the probable amount consumed at home and not exported, looking to 
the climate of the place, the habits of its population, and the scattered 
facts on this point found in respectable authors, and then to compute 
therefrom the whole quantity grown. Another general test of the correct- 
ness of one of my conclusions, viz : that the whole crop in the world has 
quite doubled in the last half century, and now equals quite 900 millions of 
pounds, though the estimate before named is only 460 millions of pounds., 
exists in the fact that a greater increase than this has happened in the 
crop of the United States alone ; and though, in some other countries, a 
diminution has occurred in the exports of cotton from various causes, which 
need not here be detailed, yet the use of it has probably been reduced 
in no country, and in many, within that period, it ha?, from greater cheap- 
ness, by improvements in machinery and steam, with its healthfulness, coin- 
pared with other clothing, largely increased, and in some been for the first 
time introduced. Supposing that in warm climates, and in a population* 
not highly civilized as in Turkey, two pounds of cotton per head for each 
person are yearly consumed, (see Urquhartori Turkey, page 150) and in the 
south of China and India, not over one and a half pounds to each person, 
and in the places near or under the equator still less ; and that in more 
civilized countries where cotton is used, as in England, France, and the 
United States, from eight to twelve pounds per head are consumed; and sup- 
}>osing that only a little more than half the population of the globe, estimated 
at four hundred and fifty millions, use cotton, the consumption would, on an 
average, at only two pounds per head, be quite equal to the estimated crop for 
the whole world. For some years past it is supposed that the consumption of 
cotton has been greater than the crop, and hence, that the old stocks on hands 
have been more exhausted, and a larger portion of the new crop called for 
early (see table I). This has sustained the price and required an 
augmented crop of at least 20 millions of pounds per annum. See post, 
and Evidence before the French Chambers, February, 1835. 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 9 

[3.] The crop as well as the export of cotton of the United States, from 
1809 to 1815, was sensibly diminished by means of our commercial restric- 
tions and war, and the crop of other countries was increased to supply the 
place of ours in foreign consumption. Oar crop has been estimated with 
more care, and from better data, than the crop of other portions of the 
world. From 1821 to 1834 it has been estimated by others much lower 
than in the table and as follows: 



Y( ">■<,. 
1821 

1822 
1823 
1824 

1825 
1826 
1827 



MilVs of lbs. 


Years. 


Ill 


1828 


12H 


1829 


136" 


1830 


152| 


1831 


169| 


1832 


21 If 


1833 


285 


1S34 



Mill's of lbs. 

213| 
255£ 
292 

311f 

296i 

360 

3201 



The above is from Marshall's tables on the trade, manufactures, &c. of 
England, page 110. In McCulloch's Commercial Dictionary, page 434, 
Reuss' tables, page 270, and Baines's History of Cotton, page 303, similar 
.statements are made, but they are manifestly too low, as being often less in 
quantity than our exports ; and they may differ occasionally from being 
founded on the exports of a particular year, as 1825, and which were 
chiefly made up of the smaller crop grown in a previous year, as in 1824. 
They are incorrect even then, as our crop for many calendar years has been 
from 50 to 90 millions of pounds more than the exports of each sue- 1 
ceeding fiscal year ; this last being composed of the growth of the pre- I 
vious calendar year, with a small portion of it brought to market from 
the 1st of August to the 1st of October, omitted, and a like portion 
of the subsequent calendar year included. The 50 to 90 millions of 
pounds are the quantity consumed at home, and which quantity lessens 
in amount as we go back to the periods when our manufactures were 
fewer, and when we consumed in them some cotton oi foreign growth. 
-See another estimate in the 3d volume of the Parliamentary Reports, 
(1833) page 89. Another difference may arise from the bale made up here, 
being abroad computed often at. only 300 pounds, (see on this ante and 
post). The crop in the United States in 1834, was injured in the northern 
parts of the cotton growing States; but so much new land was put into 
cultivation, that the whole exports were a little larger, and the home con- 
sumption is presumed also to have been more. The crop for the year 
1835, has likewise been more seriously injured in the same quarters ; but 
the exports of it since September, have, from early ripening, high prices, 
&c. been larger than either of the two previous years, and some think the 
whole crop was larger, while it is believed by a few that the whole crop will 
turn out to be somewhat less, though not so much as apprehended, the in- 
cr -ase of lands in cultivation has been so great. February 17, ; 1836, 
the exports ascertained, on the Atlantic, had been 377,420 bags: but to same 
time in 1835, only 340,379: and in 1834, only 309,976. For a view of our 
power in the United States to grow more cotton, see table B, note [2]. 

[4.] The crop of Brazil is computed on its ascertained exports at dif- 
ferent periods to England and elsewhere, and a home consumption in 
a small ratio to its population. (See table on exports.) It has been 



10 [ Doc. No. 146. J 

diminished of late years by importing cotton manufactures for home con- 
sumption, as in 1S33 and '4, from England largely. See tables N and O, 
and notes, and Pitkin, 384 and '5, where are more details. Cotton was 
first planted or cultivated in Brazil in 1781, for exportation. Smithers's 
History of Liverpool. 

[5] The crop of the West Indies is estimated in a similar manner ; after 
deducting from their exports the probable portion of cotton brought there 
from the Spanish Main, raid thence re-exported. In 1812, it is said, that 
the crop of all the West Indies did not exceed 5i millions, (Colquhoun 
378;) and chiefly in Barbadoes, Bahama islands, Dominico, and Granada : 
4 Humbolt's Per. Nar. 123 to '5, and notes. But this is believed to have 
been underrated. England now exports there largely of cotton manufac- 
tures. See 1833 and "1834, table N, and notes:" and the United States 
export there some of them yearly, as well as France. All this tends to 
diminish the crop raised for home consumption, and probably that for 
export. See exports of Mfts. table O. Cotton was grown first in 1776, at St. 
Domingo, for export. 2 v. Hist, of Colom. But earlier in other islands, and 
they furnished a large part of English wants before 1785 ; Edin. Cyclop. 
Art. "Cotton." In 1789, Hayti, alone, exported over 7 millions of pounds: 
about 2\ millions of pounds in 1801, and since that, less than 1 million of 
pounds yearly. See a table in McCulloch, 926. In 1824, a little over 1 mil- 
lion of pounds, and in 1832 about \\ million. See McCulloch, 927. 

[6] The supposed crop of Egypt, in former years, is predicated on the 
authority of the Dictionary of Spanish Commerce and Finance, vol. 3, page 
29. On her exports, (see exports) and for 1834, the New Monthly Maga- 
zine for September, 1835. She imported cotton from Smyrna and Greece 
till within twenty years. See below note 9th. By the last advices her 
crop grown, in 1835, is said to be short, not exceeding 18 or 20 millions of 
pounds. 

[7] The crop of the rest of Africa is computed from her exports from 
Morocco, Gambia, &c. and the habits and number of her population, and 
her soil and climate, where cotton is indigenous, and has always been 
grown in many sections since first discovered. McCulloch, Die. 436. 
Of late she imports on the eastern side fewer cotton goods from India, and 
more there and on the western side from England and the United States. 
See for 1S33 and '4, from Eng. table N, and notes. See exports from the 
United States, table O. In the island of Mauritius, iu 1806, nearly two 
millions of pounds of cotton were raised, but it fell off gradually till in 
1831, little or none was produced. 4 Montgomery's History of British 
Col. page 209. See table N, note [10.] 

[8] In India, the estimate rests on her exports and vast population, long 
clothed chiefly in cotton of her own growth. McCulloch, Die. 437. The 
Isle of Bourbon produced it of a quality almost equal to the Sea Island. 
London Cyclop. Art. "Cotton." See her exports, Table D. But of late 
years her exports of manufactured goods have declined, and her importa- 
tions of them from England alone, exceed $10,000,000 yearly. See 
exports of manufactures from England and the United States, table N and 
O, and evidence on the East India Company, 1832, appendix, page 287: 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 11 

and on the growth and use of cotton in the islands of the India Archi- 
pelago, see 1 Crawford, History, 177, 207, and 449: 2 Crawford, 350. 
It is believed, that the cultivation of cotton for export is on the increase; 
labor is so low, and the trade of India having become more free. The 
estimates for the crop in India are probably not high enough, rather than 
being too large. See exports, table E and F, and supplement to Cyclop. 
Brittan. "Cotton." 

[9] The rest of Asia, including China, Japan, Persia, Arabia and 
Turkey, from the mildness of its climate, great population, and cus- 
tomary clothing, is supposed not to be computed too high. Jin 1766, it was 
grown much about Smyrna. See Postlethwait's Dictionary, "Cotton." 
Only about 6 millions of pounds in 1834, near Smyrna, and most of that 
was shipped to Marseilles and Trieste. McCulloch, page 1069. 

The cultivation of cotton, in China, began about the 13th century, for 
purposes of manufacture, though before raised in gardens for ornament. 
The crop increased rapidly, and was very large, probably much beyond 
the amount assigned in this column, till 1785 to 1790, when it began to be 
considerably discontinued for the purpose of raising grain, during and in 
consequence of famine. Much has since been imported from India, though 
now in the small statistical knowledge attainable on this point as to 
China, she may raise more cotton than the large amount computed for 
her, in connection with Japan, Cochin-China, &c. Supplement to Cyclop. 
Brit. "Cotton." See exports of raw cotton, table D. Travellers and 
merchants see but little of China usually, except the south parts and the 
sea board; and if in the great use of silk, furs, &c. in the colder portions, 
it is considered that 100 millions of her population use cotton, and from 
their poverty only lh pounds each, the whole amount would be 150 mil- 
lions of pounds yearly in China alone. 

[10] This crop in South America and Mexico rests on similar principles, 
as the chief clothing was cotton when the country was first discovered by 
the Spaniards. It is now often of superior quality. (Sec Humboldt's Per. 
Nar. page 202.) The exports since have been considerable. (See exports.) 
But of late years the crop must be less, as Mexico, as well as Peru and Chili 
imports now from England yearly many cottons, besides what they get 
from the United States and elsewhere. (See exports of manufactures.) 
Cotton began to be cultivated for export in Caraccas in 1782. The saw gin 
is not yet used, but wooden rollers. 2 Hist, of Colomb. The plant is 
found indigenous, (Molliers travels in Colombia, page 121; 4 Humb. Per. 
N. 123.) In Hall's Columbia, page 27, it is said only about 4 millions 
of pounds are grown in that Government yearly. This is too small an 
amount. Cultivated in Surinam since 1735. Smithers's Hist, of Liverpool, 
page 131. 

[11] This column includes some remote islands, and the south of Spain, 
Italy and Greece, and their islands, with the Canaries, where cotton was 
formerly more raised, and still is considerably. See as to Spain and Italy. 
2 Chaptal on French industry, page 6. From Italy and Egypt, in 1825, 
when cotton was very high, over 23f millions of pounds were exported. 
McCulloch, 949. Some has been raised in New South Wales. McCul- 
loch. Diet, of Com. 436 ; Smithers's Hist, of Liverpool, page 126 ; and the 
cultivation is said to be resumed in Italy. Though some exports were 



12 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

formerly described as from Portugal, little or no cotton grew there ; and 
the exports of it thence came chiefly from Brazil. 

[12] Some confusion has arisen from the different use or application of 
the word " cotton." It is said to be a word of Arabic origin (Smithers ; s 
History of Liv. 115) : but the application sometimes of the word "linen," 
and at others of the word " woollen," to the vegetable of three or four 
general varieties, and which produces the wool or down now called " cot- 
ton," has led to some mistakes about its growth and use formerly in certain 
countries, which it is now difficult to correct. McCulloch's Diet, of Com. 
436 and '8. Baines, 287 and ; 96, note 66. But it was probably grown 
and used largely in ancient times in Arabia, as well as India, America, 
and Africa, except perhaps in Egypt, where linen, it is supposed, chiefly 
superseded it, and can now be detected, but no cotton, in the clothing of 
the mummies, by the joints in the fibres of the stalk of the flax, being 
visible with a microscope, whereas the fibres of cotton from the pod have 
no joints. See Thompson's paper in Baines's appendix. London Cyclop, 
article "Cotton," coutra. The kind of cotton chiefly cultivated now, and 
especially in the United States, is not the tree or shrub, but the annual 
and herbaceous varieties. London Cyclop, art. "Cotton." 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



13 



B. 
COTTON, RAW 



Crop of cotton grown in — [1] — [2j 



bh 



lbs 



Millions. 



OS 

a 



rt 



o 



lbs. 



T41 



rt 
O 



o 
W 



lbs. 



Million?. Millions. 



12 



13 

10 



10 



18 



10 

9* 



to 

3 

O 



fa 



lbs. 



IDS. 



Millions. Millions. 



•JO 



40 



50 



70 



73 
654 



P] 



10 



'JO 



88 
/a 



< 

lbs. 
Mill'ns 



Eh 



lbs. 



Mill'ns. 



20 



45 



15 
20 



65 

85 



lbs. 



Mill'ns 



20 



50 

45 



o 



lbs. 



Mill'ns. 



10 



45 30 



70 

85 



< 

lbs 

Mill'n. 



10 



38 



62 



14 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

[1] I have not been able to find any official returns of either the General 
or the State Governments, which give the crops of cotton in each State. 
The present table has, therefore, been compiled from the best data in my 
power: such as the foreign exports of cotton from each State, the exports 
coastwise, the quantity supposed to be exported from each not grown 
within its limits, and the amount yearly consumed within its limits. 
Many mistakes are made abroad, and some at home, by considering all 
the exports of each State as its own crop, or by computing the whole 
foreign exports as the whole crop, or by estimating all the bales in the 
United States alike, and only at 300 pounds on an average. See such 
mistakes in Reuss's Tables on American Trade, 270 ; and Parliamentary 
Evidence on Manufactures, A. D. 1832. 

But it is well known in this country, that the exports from New Orleans, 
both foreign and domestic, are composed in part of the crops of Louisiana, 
Arkansas," Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama. Part of the crops in each 
of those States is consumed at home, part is exported coastwise to the 
northern States, and the crops of the southwestern portion of Mississippi, and 
the southern portion of Alabama, are chiefly exported from Mobile. In 
addition to some of the above remarks, applicable to the other cotton 
growing States, it is proper to add, that part of the crop of Georgia is ex- 
ported from Florida, and part from South Carolina : part of Florida from 
Alabama ; and part of North Carolina from Virginia. 

For an explanation of some of the fluctuations in our exports in certain 
years, see table A, note [3]. 

[2] From data given under the head of " Capital," in table C, note [3], it 
will be seen that, in producing the whole cotton crop of the United 
States, only about two millions of acres of land are cultivated. In table D 
it appears that all the foreign exports of cotton in the world do not probably 
exceed 535 millions of pounds, and of which the United States now export 
about 384 millions of pounds ; a large portion of the residue is from the 
remotest parts of Asia, very little of it now coming to Europe. But if ne- 
cessary or profitable, we could raise the whole of the other 150 millions, by 
putting into cultivation only about 500,000 acres more cotton land, and 
employing less than 100,000 more field hands in this branch of industry. 

But supposing that Asia, from her distance and habits, continues to use 
chiefly her own raw cotton, that the increase of population in the United 
States should continue much as heretofore, and that the countries in Europe 
and elsewhere, now supplied with cotton manufactures made chiefly from 
our crops, should increase in population, or in the use of cotton, as fast 
as the United States does in population alone, and there would be required 
to supply the increased annual demand only about 21 millions of pounds 
more of raw cotton, or the product in the United States of less than 70,000 
acres more each year. This lias been nearly our average increase of crops 
in the last ten years. See table and note in extract from annual Treasury- 
report. It has required about 11,000 more field laborers a year, or only 
JLth the annual increase of our whole population. But we probably 
have now, not in cultivation, more acres of land suitable for cotton, than 
would be sufficient to raise all the cotton now grown in the world ; as that 
would require only three to five millions of acres. Hence it must be ob- 
vious, that there is good cotton land enough in the United States, and at 
low prices, easily to grow, not only all the cotton wanted for foreign ex- 
port in the world, but to supply the increased demand for it, probably, for 
as;es. The only preventive, of which there is much likelihood, seems to 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 15 

be in the augmented price of such labor as is usually devoted to this cul- 
ture ; so that it may not be possible to raise the crop at so low a rate as to 
keep possession of the European market against all competition. 

In getting possession of that market so fully and rapidly heretofore, (as 
shown in the extracts from the last annual report,) the United States have 
been much aided by the good quality of their cotton, the low price of land, 
and the great improvements in cleaning cotton by Whitney's cotton gin 
since 1793. One person is able to perform with it in a day the work of 
1,000 without it. Cox's Digest of Manufactures, page 667; Gales and 
Seaton's documents, 2d volume. Besides these advantages, the unusual 
industry and enterprise of our population, and its freedom from tax- 
ation compared with the people of most other countries, and the wide ex- 
tent of our commerce, have promoted our unprecedented progress. Baines's 
History, 301 : 5 Malte Brim, page 193. 

The old mode of cleaning it by wooden rollers, and with the bow by 
hand, is still used in India and Colombia, and it is there sown broad cast 
instead of in drills, and much neglected afterwards. Baines 64 : see 3 
Crawford's History, 350. 

Tli£_g reat vibrations in the pric es per p ound of raw cotton g rown in the 
United States, are very striking, as exhibited, in table C. The'' influence of 
these on the sales of public laiad and our revenue, from both them and the 
imports of foreign merchandise, has been briefly examined in the last 
annual report, extracts from which are annexed. The further influence of 
these on the prosperity of the south, on the rise in the value of their slave 
property, and on the great profits yielded by all their capital invested in 
growing cotton, must be very apparent to every careful observer. .The 
single fact, that in no year has the price been but a fraction below 10 cents 
per pound, or n rate s ufficien t to yield a fair profit, while it has, at timet 



been as high as 29, 34, and even 44, and been, on an average, o"veT 
Cents per pound since 1802, and over 21 since 1790, is probably without a 
parallel, in showing a large and continued profit. Further details on these 
and similar considerations must be left to other persons and other occa- 
sions, [See table C, note 3.] 

[3] In South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, the Sea Island cotton, 
(supposed to have come originally from Persia, and in 1786 from Bahama 
to the United States) succeeds ; but grows there to perfection only in cer- 
tain districts near the seacoast. During the last 30 years the average 
annual crop has been between 9 and 11 million pounds. See exports and 
prices, and a table in Seybert, 152-3 : Smithers's, 132. But the quality of 
a part of it is inferior. McCulloch, 436. It has taken the place in Europe 
of the fine cotton from the isle of Bourbon. London Cyclop, article " cot- 
ton," and is superior to that. Supplement to Cyclop. Brit. " cotton." 

[4] The growth of cotton in the United States began as early as 1787, 
even of the sea island, and of other kinds earlier still, in small quantities. 
McCulloch, 440, says it began soon after the close of the war of the revo- 
lution, though not exported till 1790. 

T. Cox, cited in Rees's Cyclopedia, in article " United States," says cot- 
ton was raised here in gardens before 1786, but not by planters as a crop, 
and before 1787 we never exported a bale. [He means of our own growth^ 
it is presumed. See table F, note 6.] We exported a little before 1787, viz : 
1785, five bags ; and in 1786 six bags ; which Smithers's History of Liver- 
pool, page 129, supposes was grown here, but see table F. note 9. 



16 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 
C— COTTON, RAW. 





y 




Crop 


■jf cotton 


grown in- 


-[1] 










r 

Prices per lb. 


Capital employed in con- 


Persons employed 


Value of whole 








nection with growing. [3] 


in growing, and 


crop in 










dependent. 






CO 




w 


i 




c/j 




Ui 






Si 




V 






S 




CD 






c5 




s 






£ 


oj 


3 


oj 




W 


T2 


03 






02 


Si 


32 


a) 




~c 


a 


T3 




^ 


Ki 


rfl 


r^J 


•G 




OJ 


& 


OJ 


.~> 


'eo 


V 


£ 


Oj 


P 




*fH 


"&b 


." 


^. 


2 


."£3 


<3J 


." 


o 




r* 


H 


S 


t!0 


P 


rt 


C/2 


3 


CC v 


K 


P 


H 




m 


m 


fc> 


s 


t> 


s 


3 
















>> 


Cents. 


Pence. 


Dollars. 

Millions. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 






Dollars. 


Dollars. 








Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Mil'ons. 


1789 




12 to 22 
















1790 


Hi 


12 to 21 
















1791 


26 


13 to 30 






33 


__i_ 


1 




40i 


1792 


29 


20 to 30 








- 








1793 


32 


13 to 22 
















1791 


33 


12 to 18 
















1795 


36i 


15 to 27 
















1796 


36§ 


12 to 29 
















1797 


34" 


12 to 37 
















1798 


39 


22 to 45 
















1799 


44 


17 to GO 
















1800 


28 


16 to 36 
















1801 


44 


17 to 38 


80 




50 


_x 


jj 


8 


39i 


1802 


19 


12 to 38 








I 








1803 


19 


8 to 15 
















1804 


20 


10 to 18 
















1305 


23 


14 to 19 
















1806 


22 


12 to 15 
















1807 


2iv 


10 to 14 
















1808 


19 


9 to 30 
















1809 


16 


10 to 18 
















1810 


16 


10 to 19 












' 




1811 


151 


7 to 14 


131 


_!_ 


58 


i 


7 

5 


12.\ 


37 


1812 


103* 


11 to 14 




1 




' 








1813 


12 


16 to 26 
















1814 


15 


28 av'rage 
















1815- 


21 


201 " 
















1816 


29 V 


18* " 














1817 


26 i 


20 " 
















1818 


34 


20 " 
















1819 


24 


131 " 














1820 


17 


111 " 














1821 


16 


9h ' ' 


300 




83 


1 

3" 


I 


29! 


37 


1822 


161 


8J " 
















1823 


10&12 


8* " 
















1824 


15 


81 " 
















1825 


21 


111 " 
















1826 


11 


6| " 
















1827 


9S 


61 " 
















1828 


m 


6J " 
















1829 


10 


t^4 
















1830 


10 


6| " 
















1831 


9i 


5| " 


650 


30 


58 


3 

4 


i 


385 


291 


1832 


10 


6| " 










5 






1833 


11 


7| " 
















1834 


13 


8* " 


_ 


_ 









76 


36J 


1835 


161 


121 " 
[2] 


800 
[3] 


31 


50 


1 

[4] 


|to"l 


[5] 





HeT*J 



[ Doc. No. 146. J 17 

[1] From 1802 to 1826, inclusive, the prices for the United States are 
taken from Marshall's tables, page 110. Since that date, from official re- 
turns. 

The prices, given for the United States, are those at the places of ex- 
portation, and are the average during the year, and including all kinds of 
cotton : but the sea island cotton is worth usually two hundred and fifty 
y- per cent, more than the other kinds (see below in note 2) : and formerly the 
difference was still greater, when the amount grown elsewhere was not 
so large. The price of c otton for 1790 is from the Treasury report, 
Loth February, 1791. The prices from 1791 to 1801, inclusive, are from 
Almy and Brown's "books .at Providence, deducting one cent per pound j 
for freight, &c. The prices of raw cotton from 17S9 to 1S02, in the United $ 
States, fluctuated largely, and are quoted somewhat differently in some of ( 
the prices current during those years. Sec the United States Gazette and 
Pennsylvania Mercury for that period. • But the differences are not great if 
an average be taken for the whole year. 

Where rich lands and labor were low, as in Mississippi and Alabama a 
few years ago, two cents per pound for cotton in (he seed, or eight cents 
when cleaned, would pay expenses. It is supposed to be a profitable crop 
in the southwestern States at ten cents per pound. In Baines's History 
of Cotton, page 316, it is staled that the planter can make a profit at six 
cents per pound. 

• In India, the Bengal cotton, of inferior quality, if is said, ran he raised 
for three cents per pound, and delivered in England for five cents. 
See evidence on East India Company, 1832, page 286, appendix: Smithers's 
History of Liverpool, 116. It has since been said, that it will cost five 
cents per pound to deliver it on the wharves at Bombay. It sold in India, 
in 1831 and 1832, at eight to nine cents per pound. See McCuIloch's 
Dictionary, page 238. In 1820, in 3 Crawford's History, 351, it is said to 
brins; from eight to nine cents in the Indian islands. 

[2] The prices in England are given in pence, as they are so much 
oftener referred to iu that form, but can easily be converted into cents; esti- 
mating the pound sterling at $4 80; by doubling the number of pence. 
They are generally the prices at Liverpool; and from 1793 to 1797', and 
from 1799 to 1814, are from Tooke on Prices, page 11, appendix; and air. 
of '-Georgia bowed cotton," without the duty. The rest, except from 1789 
to 1793, and 1834 and 1835, are from Marshall's tables, nasrc 111; and 
Baines, page 352-3: differing in some cases a little, and in Marshall giving- 
the prices of each kind of cotton separately. See a table in Smithers's 
History of Liverpool, page 149. Those from 1789 to 1793 arc from Baines, 
page 313, and are of West India cotton; and for 1831 and 1835, the Liver- 
pool reports have been the guide. 

As an illustration of the difference in value of different kinds of raw 
cotton, I annex a statement of their prices at Liverpool, June 16. 1S35: 

d. d. 

Uplands ------ from li> to 12| 

Orleans --_,--•• 10 to 13 
Alabama - - « '.>•• to : ' 

Sea Island - « , » ■ £3 " lo 34 

Brazil ---..-<- 13| to 16 

2 





d. 


d. 


from 


7 


to 8| 


a 


71 




u 


13* 


to 14 


i< 


12| 


to 14J- 



18 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 



Surats - 

Bengal _».--- 

Laguyra - 

West IndievS - 

See more on Prices in Edinburg Review, 427, (1832.) McCulloch, page . 
437, 441. The finest kinds of sea island often bring four times as much 
as the inferior qualities. McCulloch, page 437. In 1799 it sold in Liver- 
pool for five shillings per pound. Smithers, page 156. At Smyrna, before 
1767, the price appears to have been six or seven cents per pound. 
Postlewait's Dictionary. At the river Gambia the price per pound is 
about four cents. Montgomery's Colonial History. In Demarara the 
price (in 1815) is said to average about nine to ten cents per pound. Edin- 
burgh Encyclopedia, article "cotton." In Colombia in 1822 the price per 
pound was about the same as in the United States, but it fluctuates there 
and in other Spanish American Governments from eight to fifteen cents 
a pound, with the quality and the year. See Humboldt and Mollier's 
Travels. 

[3] Capital. The capital employed 111 growing cotton, with the income 
it yields, is a question of much interest and importance. But very little 
can be found concerning it in books, and the information obtained on it 
from different correspondents in the United Slates is defective, and is 
founded on quite different data in different States and by different persons. 

The elements of any computation must be, the average cost per acre of 
cotton lands, wild or cleared, and if the former, the expense of clearing them ; 
the amount of labor necessary per acre to produce a given quantity of raw 
cotton ; the cost of labor, whether in the form of wages or otherwise ; the 
expense of tools, horses, <fcc. with salaries of overseers, taxes paid, &c. &e. 

One mode of making the computation is as follows : The average cost 
of cotton lands when wild, in the old States, did not probably exceed often 
half a dollar per acre, including fees for patents, &c. In the new States it 
lias generally ranged from $1 25 to $20 00 per acre, depending on its 
quality, location, and the price of cotton. The actual settlers, in pur- 
chasing of capitalists, have generally been compelled to give an advance 
from 50 to 100 per cent.: some times much more. 

The expense of clearing wild land averages from ten to fifteen dollars per 
acre. Land in a condition to be cultivated, will, on an average, in the 
United States, yield from 2501bs. to 3001bs. of clean cotton. In the old 
States, 1251bs. clean, or 5001bs. in the seed is an ordinary crop. (Cooper's 
Polit. Econ. p. 9-6.) Cox, in 1810. estimated it at 1381bs. and others at 
1201bs. (Rees's Cyclop, art. •• United States.") 

It is believed, that one field hand or laborer, with the aid hereafter named, 
can cultivate, on an average, eight acres. Some say five to seven, and others 
ten. He will at the same time assist in raising five to eight acres of corn. 

It is usual to employ in this business slave labor, and the next element 
in the calculation must be the capital invested in slaves for this purpose, 
and the annual cost of their maintenance. 

The price of field hands has nearly or quite doubled in ten years ; and 
they now often cost eight hundred or one thousand dollars, when formerly 
four and five hundred dollars were the usual rate each. 

The maintenance of them is another item very differently computed. 
Sometimes it is done by the purchase of more land and cultivating it, put- 



[ Doc. No. 146 ] 19 

ting stock on it of cows, sheep, <fcc. so as, with the aid of other slaves, kept 
partly for that purpose and partly for the culture of cotton, to raise corn, 
pork, &e. to teed, and other materials to clothe the whole. In such case 
the additional land put in cultivation, the additional slaves bought, and 
the stock on the plantation, &c. must be considered as so much more 
capital. 

The additional slaves in such case, being more youthful, or more aged 
ones, or infirm females, may be fairly computed at an equal number with 
the field hands, but costing only about hah the price. The additional 
land should be for cultivation, about twenty acres for each field hand. 
The capital in oxen, horses, sheep, tools for husbandry, &c. about thirty- 
dollars to each slave on the plantation. 

To these must be added the capital which may be deemed temporary, 
and not as a permanent investment, and hence is to be all yearly returned, 
such as expei 1 .?':' for extra elothing not made on the plantation, for medicine, 
overseers, tools for labor, taxes, freight, &c. which may be forty-live dollars 
to each • lave. 

Differing from these last data, in some respects, in substance, and wholly 
unlike iti form, is another mode of computing all the capital invested except 
that in the mere cotton lands. Instead of estimating the price of slaves, 
6cc. it may be considered that slave labor could be hired, with food, clothing, 
medicine, &c. at a cost for each field hand from one hundred to one hun- 
dred and twenty dollars per year. That from thirty to forty dollars each 
would defray the annual expense of overseers, tools, horses for each, and 
that the additional and equal number of slaves, not prime field hands, 
could be hired and supported for less than half the annual cost of the 
others. 

On these data the cotton crop, as estimated for 1835, at 480 million pounds, 
would grow on 1,600,000 acres at 3001bs. per acre, or 1,920,000 at 250lbs. 
each. Considering that, some lands wear out quick and are changed, pro- 
bably the whole quantity cultivated for cotton in the United States, at this 
time, should be estimated at two millions or more of acres. 

From the above elements the whole capital invested in growing the cotton 
crop in the United States can be readily computed. On one hypothesis, 
converting the whole capital into that which is permanent, Mid partly 
invested in lands, slaves, and tools, as fixed capital, and partly invested in 
bank or other stocks, or in loans so as to yield an income, and not a capital 
sufficient to defray those kinds of expenses which are usually deemed tem- 
porary, and are yearly remunerated, or require what is called a circu- 
lating or floating capital, and the whole will amount to more than 900 
millions of dollars. On another hypothesis, considering the capital, as it 
generally is, divided into fixed and circulating; the capital as fixed, which 
is invested in lands, slaves, stocks of horses, tools, &c. and only about 
thirty millions of dollars for other expenses, as circulating or temporary, 
and to be itself, and not its income or interest, used and repaid yearly, aud 
the whole capital of both kinds will not quite equal S00 million dollars. 

This last amount accords nearly with a still different mode of testing 
the quantity of capital, by supposing that the whole crop of 480 million 
pounds, at ten cents per pound, being 48 million dollars, would yield six 
per cent, on all the money invested in any way in raising the crop. If the 
capital h <1 was all permanently invested, it would, on this hypothesis, 
dmpu it t i near 800 million dollars ; but as from 25 to 30 million dollars is 



20 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

temporarily invested, and must itself be repaid yearly, the whole may, in 
the usual mode of treating- of capital employed in such business, be con- 
sidered rather under than over SOU million dollars. 

That amount, however, has been assumed as about correct, in the table, 
and is near enough for the estimate and comparisons at different periods in 
this country, and at the same period between this and other countries. In 
others, as in India, Brazil, and Egypt, the cost of labor is less, and perhaps 
the value of land, though the latter is doubtful ; and the crop per acre, and 
the amount of labor performed by each hand, is believed to be less, inde- 
pendent of the failure there to use much the improved cotton gin. 

Here, at 250 pounds per acre as an average crop,, and eight acres an 
average cultivation by one hand, the productwould be 2,000 pounds per 
hand, or at ten cents per pound, would be the average of two hundred 
dollars per field hand. All the planter obtains over tell cents per pound 
would yield him a large rate of interest above 6 per cent, to pay for the 
greater risk and uncertainty of capital invested in this species of property. 
(See table B, note 2.) The whole crop of 1834 was probably worth 75 
million dollars at the actual market prices, though at 10 cents per pound 
only 48 millions. 

It is difficult to institute any just comparison between the profits of capita) 
invested here in the growing of cotton, and in the manufacture of it ; as 
in the latter so much more in proportion is invested in temporary or circu- 
lating capital to pay for wages and stock, and the whole of which is to be 
annually repaid. Neither have I leisure for the details. 

Indeed it might have comported better with the technical language of 
political economy to have divided the whole expenditures in raising cotton 
into three heads, viz: labor, capital and land; to yield in return, wages for 
the labor, profit or interest on the capital, and rent for the land. (See 
Senior's Outline of Political Economy, page 165, from the Encyclopedia 
Metropolitana.) It will be easy, for those who prefer it, to throw the calcu- 
lation into that form: but the results then, would not be such as accord 
best with the views proposed in this part of the table C; which are, to pre- 
sent to the community here, in plain terms, and in a form as intelligible as 
possible to people at large, the amount of capital actually employed at 
different periods in growing the cotton crop in the United States; whether 
invested in the original purchase of lands, the clearing, or the culture of 
them; in the purchase of slaves, or in procuring an income for the pay- 
ment, or in the actual payment of wages of free labor to raise the crop; 
lor buying seed, tools, food, raiment, horses, &c. and for payment of taxes, 
overseers, or any other expense, incidental or direct, connected with the 
production of the crop. ■ 

Two brief statements of a very general character are subjoined, in illus- 
tration of some of the above remarks. 

1st. The capital invested in cotton lands under cultivation, at two million 
acres, and worth cleared, on an average, $20 per acre, is - $40,000,000 

The capital in field hands, and in other lands, stock, labor, 
&c. to feed and clothe them, at $100 per year, on 340,000 
in number, would require the interest or income of a 
capital, at six per cent, of - 544,000,000 

The maintenance of 340,000 more assistants, &c. at $30 
each per vear, would require the income of a capital at 
six per cent, of - - . - - . 167.000,000 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 21 

Amount carried over ..... <$ 751,000,000 

The capital to supply enough interest or income to pay for 
tools, horses for ploughing cotton, taxes, medicines, over- 
seers, &.c. at $30, for "the first 340,000, would be - - 167,000,000 



Making in all a permanent capital, if so used, equal to $918,000,000 

2d. The capital in cotton lands, as stated above - $40,000,000 

Capital in the purchase of 340,000 field hands, at $800 each, 

on an average ------ 272,000,000 

Capital in the other 340,000 to aid, and to raise food, clothing, 

&c. at half price - - 136,000,000 

Capital in horses, cattle, sheep, utensils, &c. for plantation, 

about $30 to each person, to aid in making food and 

clothing, &c. - 20,400,000 

Capital in other lands to support stock, raise corn, &c. at 20 

acres to each of the 680,000, worth $20 per acre cleared 272,000,000 
Capital, temporary, or floating, to buy clothing not made on 

plantation, pay taxes, overseers, freight, tools for cotton, &c. 

$45 to each ..... 30,600,000 



$771,000,000 



Making, in all, about $740,000,000 of capital permanently invested or 
fixed, and about $30,000,000 temporarily or circulating. 

The crop in Demarara, per acre, is said to be 400 pounds clean. Edin- 
burgh Encyclopedia, article ' : Cotton," 1815. But. in another place, the 
crop in Guiana is computed, on an average, at only 200 pounds, and costs 
14 cents (or 7d.) per pound to raise it. 

The capital, per acre, invested there in land, buildings, slaves, &c. is 
computed for 1814. at about $730, which is nearly double the amount com- 
puted above for the United States. (See same book.) He states also the cost 
of cotton land in Louisiana at about $12|- per acre, slaves at $430 each, and 
assigns 30 for a plantation of (500 acres and over; horses and sheep for 
same, costing about $2,250, or $75 for each slave. Those 30 slaves will 
raise 1,000 pounds of cotton each; (and, it is presumed, maintain them- 
selves from the land not in cotton, and stock on it.) The annual expenses of 
overseers, physician, tools, clothing and taxes, with freight of cotton to 
market, are computed at about $1,350, or $15 each per year; which, de- 
ducted from the price of the cotton, valued at 21 cents per pound, or about 
$6,450, leaves about $5,100 as a return on the original investment of about 
$22,500, (or at the rate of nearly 25 per cent.) viz: 

600 acres at $12^ per acre ----- $7,500 
30 slaves, at $430 each - 12.900 

Horses, sheep, &c. ...... 2,250 



$22,650 

—= 

[4] The number of persons is computed on similar data and principles 
to those suggested in the first mode of estimating the capital. Some allow- 
ances are made in certain cases, but for comparison there has been pre- 



22 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

served similar proportions in all the years for which the computation is 
carried out in the table. 

Thus two millions of acres, at one field hand to every six acres, would 
require about 340,000 laborers: but many compute that the number in the 
United States is over 550,000, who are chiefly, though not entirely, engaged 
in field labor. Suppose the whole number to be double the field hands, as 
above computed, or 080,000, who are engaged in field labor, picking and 
otherwise assisting in the cultivation of cotton and corn, and the estimate of 
laborers is complete at about 680,000. But allowing that a number more 
should be added, who are connected with the cultivators, as infirm women, 
very young children, and too aged persons, &c. unable to labor in the field, 
besides overseers, owners and their respective families, dependent on the 
cotton crop, and it is presumed that then, a million of persons would be 
considered as now engaged in the United States, directly and indirectly, in 
the growing of cotton: but the actual laborers are only about two-thirds of 
that number. 

The numbers are, for comparative views, in all other countries stated oa 
the same principle, though they are doubtless more, in most nations, to 
raise the same quantity of cotton for reasons too obvious for recital, and 
especially where the saw gin and horse power are less used. 

[5] The whole value is computed from the quantity of the crop in any 
particular calendar year, and the price it bears here the next calendar and 
fiscal year, which is the time most of it is sold. 

The whole value of what is grown elsewhere is computed from the num- 
ber of pounds, as estimated in table A, and rating it, on an average, at only 
one-half the value per pound, at the different perods which the American 
cotton, on an average, then bore at home. Considering the qualities of 
each, their cleanliness, distances from a foreign market, the great propor- 
tion of it in Asia, &c. this is supposed to be a high enough value. See 
prices (note 2 above, and note 1) in India, and in Liverpool, of different 
kinds of cotton. Our cotton is of a better species, and better cleaned, &e. 
See 3 Crawford's Hist, of Ind. Arch. 350 to 360. Though in 1791, its 
i y was considered so inferior, that it was supposed foreign cotton 
must be imported to supply factories. Gales and Seaton's Document, vol. 1. 
Finance, page 142. 



24 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



D. 
COTTON, RAW. 







Exports of cotton from — [10] [11] 




United States. 


J 

Esrvpt and 
Turkey. 


Brazil. 


India. 


West Indies 


Spanish 
America. 


Elsewhere. 


in 
'— 
■3 

u 

>> 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1770 


2,000 


[8] 














Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


1789 
















1790 


_4 
1 O 














1791 


1 
5 


» 


20 


- 


12 


- 


5 


1792 


1 

-=■ 
i 














1793 


1 
•J 














1794 


If 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 




1795 


4 


- 


- 


20 








1796 


6 A 










' 




1797 


3f 














1798 


9* 














1799 


?| 














1800 


l 7f 














1801 


20 T V 


- 


24 


30 


17 


- 


7 


1802 


27^ 


Pi " 


- 


- 


- 


221 




1803 


41 tV 














1804 


38 T V 














1805 


i% 


- 


- 


41^ 








1806 


37^ 














1807 


66i 














1808 


12" 














1809 


53i 














1810 


9 3A 








- 






1811 


62i 


_ 


31 


. 


7 


.. 


13 


1812 


2ft 














1813 


19 2 














1814 


171 














1815 


83° 














1816 


8l± 














1817 


85§ 














1818 


92l 
88* 














1819 














1820 


127a 














1821 


1 24 tV 


5 5 


28 


50 


9 


. 


6 


1822 


1 4 <V 














1823 


173 X 


11" 












1824 


142|° 


14 












1825 


176-| 


- 


- 


75 









[ Doc. No. 146. ] 

D — Continued. 
COTTON, RAW. 



25 



Exports of cotton from- 





United Slates. 


Egypt and 


Brazil. 


India. 


West Indies. 


Spanish 


Elsewhere. 






Turkey. 








America, 
lbs. 






lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 




Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


M ill tons. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions-. 


1826 


204,} 














1S27 


294 














1828 


210 














1829 


264| 














1830 


298} 


19 


39 


[51 68 


10 


- 


4 


1831 


277 


20i 


37 


70 


12 


- 


4 


1832 


3224, 














1833 


324| 














1834 


384|- 


23 


30 


80 


8 


7 


3 


1835 


386A 














M 


PI 


m 


[4] 


[6] 


m 


[8] 


[9] 



[1] The exports of cotton, or, in other words, the foreign trade in raw 
cotton, in the whole world, is small compared with the whole growth, 
manufacture, and consumption of that article. It probably does not exceed 
535 millions of pounds, and of that the United States export about 384 mil- 
lions of pounds, or almost three-fourths. Our exports each year have not 
always corresponded with that part of the crop of the previous year not con* 
sumed at home, as in 1808, 1812, &c. commercial restrictions and war 
caused the stocks on hand to accumulate, and the high prices in some other 
years have left much less on hand here than usual. 

[2] Before 1802, the exports of cotton did not appear on the custom- 
house books so as to show what was of foreign and what of domestic growth ; 
and hence, before that year, and occasionally since, to 1825, one or two 
millions a year of our exports may have been the growth of India or the 
West Indies. Seybert's Statistics, pages 152 and 257, and see table B, note 
[4]. See when first begun, table P, note [9]. See amounts for some years, 
Seybert, 152 and 4. 

[3] From 1821 to 1824, inclusive, from Egypt. See Urquhart on Turkey, 
page 179. The amount is too high, if the bag or bale was computed as it 
is now, at 218 pounds instead of 98, as formerly. No exports were from 
Egypt before 1820 ; but previously the supplies in England were in a 
considerable ratio from Smyrna and other parts of Turkey. See table F 
and London Cyclopedia, article " Cotton," and Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 
<; Cotton." See table A, note [6]. Her exports for 1835, as well as 1834, 
are said to be diminishino-. 






2S 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



[4] A great part of this is from the northern provinces of Brazil, and in- 
cludes most of her crop. See Walsh's Travels in Brazil. From one-half 
million to one million is exported from Rio and Bahia. From 1809 to 1813 
from 50,000 to 75,000 bags, averaging 180 pounds each, were exported 
pom Maranham alone, and about two-thirds to three-fourths of it to Eng- 
land, (1 Roster's Travels, page 227). From Pernambuco, the exports of 
j^o<S? tt0 " We " e ' fl ' om 1808 to 1813 > on the ^crease, from 26,877 bags to 
I v ft* Koster ' s Travel s, page 146— note. See Smithers's Tables in 

History of lav. The exports from Brazil were often formerly described to 
be from Portugal, as she was a dependency, and as most of it was under 
colonial system shipped first to Portugal, and then re-exported. Little 

none was raised in the mother country. London Cyclop, art. " Cotton." 
toffee and sugar are taking the place of cotton in her exports. 

[5] The exports for 1830 from all places except the United States, are 
given partly from data in Pitkin's Stat. 484, which show that from India to 
all Europe m that year they were about 25 millions of pounds ; from Eo-ypt 
and the Levant about 181 millions of pounds, and from Brazil and West 
Indies about 491 millions of pounds. Due additions have been made to 
tnese tor exports elsewhere than to Europe. 

[6] Of this from India, 60 millions of pounds were shipped from Bombay, 
and most of the rest from Calcutta. Evid. on East Ind. Comp. pages 13 
?!' a PP endlx > 1S32 > A. D. See 1 Milboum's Orient. Com. It Fs sup- 
posed that the exports of cotton from India will increase rapidly as her trade 
is more free since 1833, though less restricted than formerly since 1823. 1 
bmith's Com. Digest, page 15. 

Most of the raw cotton of the India islands has been consumed where 

T£f " ^oi uIl0ch ' pa 2 e 437 ' The quantities for all the years except 
iHUo and 1825, are estimates made by knowing the amount of exports to 
England and the United States, with those in some of the years to China 
In London Cyclopedia, article « Cotton," the exports from India to China 
atone, in 1818, are stated at 230 millions of pounds, which must be an 
error, or all the other computations, as to both crops and exports, are much 
too low in regard to India. 

[7] The exports from the West Indies sometimes exceed their whole 
crop, as it is imported from the Spanish Main, and re-exported. See table 
A, note I5J. Oolquhoun, page 378, says sometimes double. In 1793 they 
exported to England considerable cotton grown in the United States 
femitners, page 156. See more on their exports, table A, note [5j. 

[8] The exports of cotton from Spanish America in 1802, were chiefly 
from Vera Cruz, collected there from other places. 1 Dict'y of Span. Com 
and Finance, pages 63 to 69. From 1804 to 1810 about 54 millions were 
shipped from Venezuela yearly, (Mollier's Travels in Colombia, 455-note,) 
a ,o£ f \ milhon from Ne w Granada. Ditto, 456— note. From Laguyra 
T iqS u Ut one '[ ourth of a million exported. Hall's Colombia, page 152. 
in IM4, about one-half of a million exported from Caraccas, and U mill- 
3ons of pounds from all the Spanish provinces. 2 Hist, of Colombia, 1822 

The exports for 1834 are an estimate of my own. 

Those for 1794 are from 4 Humboldt's Personal Narrative, page 125— note, 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 27 

of which very nearly half was from Laguyra, (3 do. 192, 6 do. 202,) and 
2\ millions of pounds before the revolution, exported from Varagua, Mara- 
caibo, and the Gulf of Cariaco. 

See table F, note 9, as to the exports from English territories in America 
before the revolution, and which were probably grown in the West Indies 
or Spanish America. 

[9] Among the places not enumerated which have exported some cotton, 
it is said in Montgomery's Hist, of Brit. Col. page 604, that 14,900 pounds 
of raw cotton were exported from the river Gambia, in 1833. 

In 1775 there was exported to Holland alone from Surinam one-eighth 
of a million of pounds. 2 Dict'y of Spanish Com. Smithers's Hist, of Liv. 

The countries more particularly included under " Elsewhere," though 
not all, and about which much is known of their exports in cotton, are 
Demarara and Berbice. See imports into England, table G. The data 
as to exports from Brazil, West Indies, and " Elsewhere," in last column, 
are chiefly the ascertained imports from those enumerated places into other 
countries. From Naples and Spain some cotton was, in 1S17, exported to 
France. 2 Chaptal, page 6. But probably most of the growth of other 
places. See table A, note [9]. 

[10] The cost of exportation or freight from the United States to Europe, 
is usually less than two cents per pound. Smithers, page 139. Even this 
has been reduced by the improvements which mark the spirit of the age, as 
the cotton is so pressed in the bales that it occupies less space in a vessel, 
and the vessels in this trade are so constructed as to carry more when of 
the same tonnage. 



tr 



[11] A small duty is imposed on it in England and France. Baines's His. 
317 and 515. Yet in 1769 it was made free to aid the manufacturer. 3 
McPhers. Com. 447. But the duty on raw cotton is remitted or allowed 
in drawback, on exportation of the manufactured article in England, 
Pebrier says in his tables, in his work on England, though not if the raw 
article is re-exported. 3 McPherson on Com. page 659. The duty was 6 
per cent, ad valorem in England for some years before 1831 on foreign 
cotton, then raised to 5s. Wd. per cwt. (1 Com. Dig. page 16, by Smith,) 
and in 1833 reduced to 2s. \ld. per cwt. On cotton from a British posses- 
sion, the duty is only 4c?. per cwt. See McCulloch, page 440. But for- 
merly, as in 1799, it was from 8s. 9d. per 100 pounds, to 12s. 6d. from 
different places; and from 1803 to 1815, from 16s. lOd. to 33s. lOd. See 
a table in Edinb. Encyclop. article " Cotton." 

The duty in the United States on foreign cotton imported here is, and 
always has remained since 1790, at 3 cents per pound. Though Mr. Ha- 
milton recommended its reduction in 1791, to aid our manufactures. See 
Rep. Dec. 30, 1791. 

The duty in France varies, under various circumstances, from 10 to 16 
per cent. See McCulloch, page 639, « Havre," and 2 Com. Dig. 73, by 
Smith. 

There is said to be no duty on raw cotton in Switzerland. In England, 
in 1833, it is stated to be 3 farthings per pound, or 10 per cent. West. 
Rev. for April, *33. 



28 



[ Doc. No. 146. J 



E. 
COTTON, RAW. 









Exports of cotton from- 












«j 










fa 


9> 




a 

c 


£5 

o 




2 


M 

o 




<£ 
> 




' -ji 


c3 


3 


'5b 


K* 


3> 


O C3 






s 


o 


c3 


O 


£ 


Ol3 


«Dp 


o 


ia 


o 
►J 


m 


< 


as 
O 


V 
fc 




Pi 


P 


3 
>* 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


Dollars. 


1789 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 




1790 
1791 
1792 
1793 


- 


3 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


48,285 
52,000 
51,470 


- 


_ 


¥m 


_ 


_ 






160,000 


1794 
















Millions, 
i 


1795 


_ 




~ 






3 




Si 


1796 
















2- 3 - 
i « 

H 

3* 


1797 

1798 


- 


" 


- 


- 


- 


- 


_ 




"• 


~* 


— 


— 


«_ 





_ 


1799 
















4-'- 


1800 




10 




~3 




5 




1 u 

5 


1801 




_ 




mm 








9-11 


1802 
















bl° 


1803 


_ 














i 


1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


2i 


1809 
















8 


1810 


~5 


40 




20 


10 


15 


4 


15 


1811 


_ 










_ 




a! 


1812 
















3 J 


1813 


_ 














2i 


1814 


_ 














2i 


1815 
1816 
1817 


- 


■*■ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


ft 

24| 
32f 


1818 


_ 


_ 












an 


1819 




_ 












21 


1820 


30 


37 


8 


25 


28 


6 


3 


22* 


1821 


_ 















20} 


1822 


_ 


_ 












24 


1823 


_ 


_ 












23i 


1824 


_ 















21f 


1825 


_ 














38J 


1826 




_ 












25 


1827 


_ 


_ 












29i 


1828 




_ 












22* 


1829 





__ 












26* 


1830 


120| 


55$ 


24 


49 




lli 


2 


295 


1831 
















25* 


1832 




_ 












31f 


1833 




_ 












36 


1834 


164 


67! 


51fc 


56J 


301 


lii 


3 


49.1 


1835 


_ 


_ 


_ 


__ 








6l£ 


[1] 




[2] 












[3] 



t Doc. No. 146. ] 29 

[1] The exports from each State are the foreign ones, and for 1830 and 
1834, from official data ; but prior to that they are estimates from the crop, 
consumption at home, &c. 

See table F, note [6], as to some exports before the revolution. 

The first cotton supposed to be of American growth, brought to New 
York city, for foreign export, it is said, came from Savannah in 1792. and 
consisted of only two bags. The amount of exports coastwise lias not 
been ascertained, for reasons stated in the report. Those for foreign conn- 
tries from any particular State often include more than the crop of that 
State, as from New York, which raises no cotton, and from Louisiana 
which raises but a small part of her exports. See table B. note 1. 

[2] The portion exported of sea island cotton, was, in 1834, 8,085,935 
pounds, and in 1835, was 7,752,736 ; and was chiefly from South Carolina 
and Georgia. See official returns. 

Its cultivation was, as remarked in a former table, introduced into South 
Carolina as early as 1787, from Bahama, and the export of it during the 
last 20 years has been on an average not far from 8 millions of pounds. 
It maybe cultivated more extensively, it is supposed, in Florida. See prices 
in table C and notes, and B, note 3. 

It is now exported chiefly to England, say seven-ninths, over one-ninth to 
France, and the rest elsewhere. See McCnlloch. page 440. if has taken 
the place of the fine cottons formerly from the isle of Bourbon. 

See a table of exports of it from 1802 to 1816. inclusive, going in some 
years to nearly 10 millions of pounds, and to others short of one million : 
but, as before named, being generally about 8 millions of pounds. Seyb. Stat, 
pages 152 and 4. 

[3] The value has been computed from the quantity and average price 
through each year, so far as obtainable from official data. 

In Seyb. Stat, page 147, is a table of the values from 1S03 to 1817, 
inclusive. 



/ 



30 



[ Doc. No. ]46. ] 



F. 
COTTON, RAW. 



Exports of, to what places. 



CD 



1770 
1787 
1789 
1790 
1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1790 
1797 
1798 
1799 

1800 

1801 

1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1806 

1807 

1S08 

1809 

1810 

1811 

1S12 

1813 

1814 

1815 

1816 

1817 

1818 

1819 



-a 

J3 

"bo 

W 
o 



Si 

02 



lbs 



O 

CO 

CD 

W 



2.000 



Ratio of 

her imports 
from U. S. 

_T_ 

10 

_I_ 

1 2 t, 
_1_ 

2 2 3 

_1 
1 1 
_1_ 
2 5 
] 

TT 

_1_ 

1 1 

1 

1 

9 

lbs. 
Millions 

16 
19 
231 

27| 
25f 
32} 
241 
53i 
8 

131 
36 
46| 
26 



45| 
57| 
51 

58i 
51| 



lbs. 









c 

_£CJ 

"5b 

W 

o 



lbs. 



[9J 



Millions. 



3 

4 

2 
4 

6 
41 

7 
6 

2 



if 

20 

18 



Mil's. 



lbs. 



Mil': 



1_ 

3 

1 
Tf 
.2. 

4 

2 



fii 



4 



If 
i 

4 

3* 

61 



36 



J3 

o 



lbs. 



Mil's 



3 

'Eb 

a 
W 



CCS 

m 



lbs. 



Millions. 

2i 

Ratio of 
impons 
from Braz. 
1 

1 

I 



5 
1 
? 
1 

■2' 



1 
4 

1 



6C 

W 
o 



(3 



lbs. 



Mil's. 
Ratio. 



1 

1 
3 
1 
2 

1 

! 



i 

IT 
i 

3 



1 

3 

2 

7 

6 



- 





l 


3 


TU 


2 


1 


9 


1 2 


2 


1 


9 


TiJ 


-» 


1 





i 


1 


i 


J 8 


1 1 


1 


2 


1 1 


■5" 


1 


1 


3 


1 1 


1 


1 


4 


1 8 


2 


1 


1 


2 9 


2 


1 


5 


2 3 


3 


1 


5 


1 2 


3 


1 


5 


1 1 


1 


1 


4 


2 4 


1 


1 


3 


3 i 


l 


1 


3 


2 6 


1 


1 


3 


5 2 


1 


1 


3 


i 2 



a 
o 

-He 

N 
(5 



lbs. 



Mil's. 



3-d 

T3 "bo 

(3 13 

a. 
B 



lbs. 



Mil's 
°3 



B 



CO 

j5 (3 
be 

CO 

^3 



5 



lbs. 



Mil's. 



3 



lbs. 



Mil'ns. 



f8] 



7| 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 

F — Continued. 



31 



COTTON, RAW. 



Exports of, to what places. 









Ut 








"3 


s 












T3 




0J 








ea 


■ 1— 1 


• _> 









(3 

% 

(3 

w 

o 


a 

JO 

o 


O 

o 

*-> 


-d 
be 


'J3 


1 

5b 

c 


W 


03 






r -1 

•"3 03 


61 

p.2 

. be 




CO 


V 


OS P, 


w 












T3 


Ufa 
53 


«W 


3 fa 


M 










»3 


cd 




CO 















£> 


P 


s> 






S-i 

P3 


lbs. 


n 


bo 


be 


< 


CD 


lbs 


■ 


lb?. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 
Mil's. 


lbs. 


lbs. 

Mil's. 


lbs. 




Millions 


Millions 


Mil's. 


Mil's. 


Mil's. 


Millions. 


Mil's. 


Mil's. 


Mill'ni 


1820 


90 


- 


— 


23 


- 


29 


6- s ~ 

1 


- 


l 

4 


— 


^ 


1821 


934 


274- 


^4. 


9 


- 


191 


7 


' - 


3 

4 


- 


2f 


1822 


101 


2U 


8§ 


4^ 




24f 


101 


— 


4 

li ? 

3 


— 


2 


1828 


142£ 


25 


8A 


15 


_ 


23£ 


7 


— 


— 


2 


1824 


92 


40* 


lj 


16£ 


— 


25 


r 4 


— 


7- 7 - 


— 


2 


1825 


140 


30 


2} 


201 


— 


33 


8 


— 


19 


— 


7^ 


1826 


131 


62J 


8| 


21 


— 


9| 


4f 


- 


10 


— 


1 


1827 
1828 


217 

151f 


70^ 
53A 




20 
32i 


25 


20f 

29 


7 
6 


— 


5 

7 


— 


11 

If 


1829 


157 


67} 


23 


•25 


(qnO 


29 


41 


— 


6 


- 


1 33 


1830 


211 


75 


13J 


121 




33 


3i 


7 


3 ^ 


6 


§ 


1831 


2051 


46 or 50 


9 


26" 


661 


31i 


2Jr 


31 


8 


7-i 


li 


1832 


2171 


73 or 77} 


16 


35 


58 


20 


2 


4 


9 


81 


^f 


1833 


227$ 


76f 


9£ 


321 


— 


oqi 


2 




1 


— 


lf 


1834 


266| 


79 T » B 


20 


32 


40 


18 


4 


4 


H 


7 




1835 


252 


1001 


16 3 - 
4 


42J- 


(qu.) 


25 


5* 


— 


9} 






, w 




[2] 


[2] 


[3] 


M 


[5] 


m 




16] 







[1] The exports to England from different places are given chiefly from 
Marshall's tables, page 110; London Cyclop, article "Cotton." As to 
those from the United States, since 1820, see our own commercial tables. 
A slight difference sometimes occurs from a reference by some t® the ex- 
ports to Liverpool alone, or to England alone, not including Scotland or 
Ireland. The exports from the United States to them all were. 



Year. 

1831 
1832 
1833 



Mill's of lbs. 
171 
228 
2381 



Ymr. 

1834 
1835 



Mil's of lbs* 

284 

269^r 



See Porter's official tables, page 125. Those for 1817, from India t<& 
England, are from Rees's Cyclop, article " United States," in a note. They 



32 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



are believed to be too high. The quantities are given in pounds, where 
ascertainable with accuracy, and where not so, the proportions are stated 
from table G, which are founded on the imports into England, from the 
United States and other countries. (See Marshall, page 110, and Smithers, 
page 146.) The actual quantities exported from the United States to all 
Great Britain, before I SOU, cannot be obtained by me; but the number of 
bales to Liverpool alone, can be, and, as a matter of some curiosity, are 
annexed: 1791, 64; 1792, 503; 1793, 111 ; 1794, 348; 1795, 2,147; 1796, 
4,668; 1797, 5,193; 1798, 12,163; 1799, 13,236; 1S00, 24.138. See 
more in books cited. 



[2] The exports from the United States to England and France, are 
sometimes taken from their official reports of imports, and sometimes from 
ours of exports, occasionally differing a little by losses at sea, imperfect 
returns, and in the former, not always including Scotland and Ireland. 
The proportions are given in a few cases where the exact quantity was 
uncertain, on the principle in table G. For IS 13 and '14, see that table. 
But the quantities given for 1834 and 1835. are from our own returns. In 
respect to the other places to which our exports go, a statement is annexed, 
giving the details since 182U, while our returns have been made up ac- 
curately and in more detail. 

STATEMENT of the quantity of Cotton exported from the Vhited Slate's to other places, than 
Great Britain and France, in the year ending September 30, 1821. to 1835, inclusive. 






To Russia* 



1821 

1822 
1823 

1824 

1825 

1826 

1827 

1828 

18291 

1830 

1831 

1832' 

1833 

1831 

1835! 



Pounds. 
304,680 
713,789 
309,678 

50!,!;;:; 

133,934 

15,262 

147,101 

649,791 

237,883 

111,376 

761,735 

838,951 

1,447,405 

1,280,494, 

974,801 



Holland 
& Belgium. 



Pounds. 

4,186,096 

1,970,258 
4,650,548 

132, 971 i 
1.420,225 
4,592,439 
'5,861,400 
3,780,988 
9,595,337 
8,561,193 

972,659 
3,920,016 
[2,673,253 
6,096,462 
5,694,358 



Spain. 


Spanish 




W. I. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


284,832 


772.296 


- 


445,961 


- 


3~853 


7,990 


- 


32,210 




555,098 




2,283,875 




758,216 




892,967 




878,219 





Trieste. 



Pounds. 

34,976 

210,138 

177, 7o9 



33,311 

1 S3, 204 
980,354 
,071,247 
2. si 1,477 
2,778,858 
1,651.775 
1,107,600 
3,805.312 
[,043,061 



Hanse 
Towns. 



Pound.*. 
748,110 
2,955,581 
2,356,594 
292,852 
577,109 
2,012,679 
3,389,514 
3,386,108 
6,857,796 
4,183,047 
2,416,765 
4,075,122 
1,870,620 
6,612,895 
2,788,147 



Italy and 

Malta. 



Pounds. 

897,804 

1,956,253 

217,663 

980 

148.170 
407,068 
1,056,387 
235,265 
305,695 
580,974 

190,842 
12,952 



All other 
place's. 



Pounds. 

2,506,777 

450,762 

833,332 

227,529 

509,031 

1,820.116 

1,440,547 

1,072. 4 IS 

1,261,925 

638, H77 

2,243,741 

2,250,190 

1,759,615 

1,153,382 

1,493,760 



[3] The exports to England from other places than the United States for 
1834 and "5. are from the last annual report, in January, 1836, at Liver- 
pool. It is said, in Smithers's History of Liverpool, page 124, that the first 
imports from India were in 1798, and proved to be very profitable; but 
they began five or six years earlier to London, if not to Liverpool. See 
table G, and notes, and same page in Srnitbers,f that Surats were imported 
in 17S3; in page 125, he says, that 53^ millions of pounds in one of the 
late years, being then 1824, were shipped from Calcutta to England, but 
the official tables are lower. 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 33 

[4] Of the exports from India to China, in 182S, over 12^ millions of 
pounds were from Calcutta alone. Evidence on East India Company, 
page 13, 183E For 1834, see Baines's History page 32, which is 
too low. For other years except 1831 and ; 2, see 1 Milbourne's Oriental 
Comm. page 281. The cotton trade to China began in the last half century, 
or about 1787, and the reasons for it are stated in table A, note 9. The 
exports for 1831 and '2, are from McCulloch, pages 237 and S. China has 
ed and manufactured cotton since the 13th century, though less since 
1787. See table A, note 9. In London Cyclop, article '^Cotton," it is said, 
that in 1818, about 230 millions of pounds were exported from India to 
China; but it is probably an error. In supplement to Eneyclop. Brit. art. 
"Cotton," it is supposed to be one-half what had been yearly consumed in 
England, (1824) or 50 to 60 millions of pounds, which is higher than 
Milbourne, but it agrees substantially with McCulloch, whose statement 
is from official returns; it is the greatest article of trade from India to 
•China, except opium. See McCulloch, page 236; 3 Crawford. Hist, of Ind 
Ar. 350. 

[51 The exports from Brazil to England, began in 1781. Smithers's Hist, 
of Liverpool, 124, and are often included till 1808, under the head of Por- 
tugal. Smithers, 146. See table D. 

[G] The exports from Egypt alone to England, it is said, did not com- 
mence till 1823, (Smithers's Hist, page 135.) and consisted of 2,108 bags, or 
short of one-quarter of a million of pounds, as their bags then weighed. 
See London Cyclop, article -Cotton,"' which says, that before 1790, nearly 
6 or 7 millions of pounds yearly, were exported to England from Smyrna. 

[7] Under West Indies, the years 1834 and '5, include Demarara. and 
elsewhere, not enumerated", as they are not discriminated in the last annual 
•report at Liverpool, which is the authority. 

[8] The exports of 1787, from "all other places" to England, include 1£ 
million of pounds from Demarara and Berbice. 

[9] The exports in 1770. were from the then provinces of New York, 3 
bales; from Virginia, four bags: and from North Carolina, 3 barrels. 
Smithers's History, page 153. It was probably all of foreign growth, i. e. 
of the Spanish Main, Or of the West Indies, as was, it is presumed most 
if not all, of the eight bags from ".America," -seized in 178 i. Smithers's 
Hist. 124 and 156. See table B. note. First exports of our own cotton 
were in small packages front the United Stales, called '•pockets. 7 ' Smithers's 
Hist. 135. 

It would seem, that late as 1794, Mr. Jay, when making the treaty with Eng- 
land, was not aware that any cotton was exporti d from the United States. 
In SeyS). Stat, page ( .)2, it is said, that the first export of cotloa of our own 
growth took'] ia< e in 1791. See table B, note L 



3 



34 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 

G. 
COTTON, RAW. 



Imports of 






Where from. 










c 


GQ 
V 

*-> 






n 
^3 


^5 




8 

1 




& 

W 

o 

t— 1 


to 


(5 


03 =- 

Q 5 


i — ' 
*-> 

W 

03 




.a 


u 

O 




lbs. 




lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 




lbs.- 


£. 








Millions. 












Millions. 




Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 




Millions- 


1701 


VoorA 
















1710 


7 
1 O 
















1720 


2 
















1730 


H 
















1741 


1* 
















1751 


3 
















1764 


3tV 


' 














1766 


3 
















1780 


5 
















1784 


11 
















1787 


22 




211 


If 


6| 


5| 


- 


6 


1789 


32^ 








: 








1790 


3lJ 




















Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


1791 


28f 


l 
l e(To 


i 


— 


* 


- 




l 

8 


1792 


35 


i 

I 2 6 


i 


- 


3 


— 




l 

1 


1793 


19 


i 

125 


i 

i 


— 


1 


- 


l 

IT 


1 

t 


1794 


24£ 


1 

TiJ 


2 
6 


— 


l 

2 


- 


1 

1 


1 

1 3 


1795 


26| 


l 

2 5 


2 
5 


— 


X 

2 


- 


1 

1 


1 

4 a 


1796 


32 


TT 


"•T 


i 

3 1 


I 


— 


1 

44 


l 

IS 


1797 


23* 
3l| 


1 
TT 


a 


1 

1 9 


1 

t 


- 


1 

TT 


1 

2 8 


1798 


l 

6 




I 
1 4 


1 
3 


- 


1 

1 5 


tIt 


1799 


431 


1 


2 

7 


1 

TT » 


3 

1 


— 


1 

8 


1 


1800 


56 


1 

4 


l 

5 


1 


J 


— 


1 
"9 


1 
i a 


1801 


56 


4 


1 


l 
TT 


2 
"f 


- 


1 
1 3 


l 

3T 


1802 


601 


3 

7 


h 


I 

TT 


1 

6 


- 


1 

3 


l 

1 3 5 


1803 


53£ 


4 


3 


TS 


] 
J 


- 


1 

3 a 


1 


1804 


61| 


i 


2 



1 



1 
1 3 


— 


l 

2 6 


1 
TaY 


1805 


59§ 

58| 


3 
6 




1 
1 1 


1 
1 


- 


1 

2 10 


l 

3 8 


1806 


3 

s 


2 
7 


1 
1 


1 

9 


- 


1 

2 2 


1 

8 7 


1807 


75 


I 


1 

1 8 


1 

>.l 


1 
1 1 


- 


1 

2 n 


1 

1 1 8 


1808 
1809 


43£ 

92} 


2 

1 


1 

s 


1 

1 4 

1 

1 8 


n 

i 
i i 


__ 


1 

8 
l 
1 * 


1 

2 4 

1 

3 8 


1810 


138| 


2l 
3 


1 


1 
1 5 


i 

1 8 


- 




1 

4 « 


1811 


91* 


5 
9 


2 

7 


1 
9 


ITS' 


- 




1 

7 a 


1812 


63" 


4 



2 


1 


1 

2 8 


- 




l 









[ Doc 


. No. 


146. ] 






35 






G- 


-Continued. 












COTTON, RAW. 








Imports of 






Where from. 










3 


S 
re 




Ct.S 

s -a 


■a 






a* 
o 
re 




fcC 

a 


02 










re 


P. 

03 




M 


P 


re 

m 


o s 


o 


Sop 


T3 

e 
i— i 


o 


Vi 

re 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


i* 




_ 
















Millions. 


















Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


Ratio. 


1813 


51 


l 

F 


3 

5 


l 
1 o 


l 

1 2 


- 


— 


i 

20 


1814 


73f 
96{ 


s 

9 


3 
.5 


_i_ 


1 

1 1 


- 


— 


3ff 


1815 


4 

7 


1 

4 


i 

1 i 


1 
3 4 


- 


-- 


1 
2 4 


1816 


971 


1 


1 
3 


1 
1 4 


35 


i- 


— 


1 

2~4 


1817 


1261 


1 


1 


1 

2 4 


2" 


— 


— 


1 
1 4 


1818 


174 


3 

7 


i 
3 


1 

4 


1 

5 2 


— 


— 


1 


1819 


137 2 - 


£ 


* 


1 
4ff 


1 
S 2 


- ' 




t 


1820 


147* 


4 

7 


l 

5 


1 
4 5 


1 

7 6 


i 

5 3 0~ 


7 


5*1 


1821 


1261 


5 

7 


1 

6 


1 

4 6 


1 
5 3 


1 

1 7 5 


1 4 


1 

1 3 « 


1822 


14i£ 


4 

7 


1 
5 


1 
3 2 


4J 


1 

35J 


3i 


1 

2 2 6 


1823 


1831 
1471 


3 

5 

3 
5 


1 

F 

1 
(1 


1 

7 2 


1 

i 2 


1 
T4 3 

1 

T5" 


73 

I 

1 1 


1 

7¥ 


1824 


2 


1 

'4 


1 
IS 


1825 


2441 


3 
5 


1 

7 


a 


1 

"5" 


l 

1 7 


1 

l « 


7 


1826 


170$ 


2 

F 


l 
T7 


4 


1 



1 
1 8 


9 


i 


1827 


2641 


4 


1 
1 i 


: 


1 

"8 


1 
5 


1 
1 3 


l 

2? 


1828 


222| 




l 

7 


A 


1 
8 


1 
"2~T 


F 


] 

77 


1829 


218^ 


1 


1 

7 


" 


1 

f9" 


3F 


l. 

y 




1830 


259| 


ftof 


7 t0 i 


7 


i 
o~ 


1 

60~ 


1 

2 5 




1831 


280 


ftol 


o" 






3 J 


*1 




1832 


270f 


I 


1 

1 3 






1 
30" 


1 

8 




1833 


28S 


1 


1 






1 

3 0O~ 






1834 


320?, 
F303T 


.6 

[ T Vl 


77 


a ( 


► o" 


1 

2 • 


i 

i 

8 




1835 


361i- 


3 


1 

75 






— 






[303i] 


[H^il 










[4] 






mm 


I 1*1 














\*\ 


I 




— ^— 






t 


1 



[ll For the early imports of cotton into England, see more in Same's, 346; 
McCulloch, 438; and Seyb. Stat. 92, note. In 1787 the imports set down 
as from Turkey and Egypt, were entirely from the former, Smyrna, Greece, 
&c. and none 'from the last until 1820 and 1823, and since that mostly 
from Eoypt. The "other places" were chiefly French and Spanish colo- 
nies in 5 1787: but include India and Turkey where those columns are 



blank 
raw 

the 



6 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

nk. See a table in Smithcrs's Eistorv raw l*t\ T-'i i • 

^ttbi, after the manuftc.re oSlcht EWhJ^ IT? ° f 

different countries. Tl e W fol '• ', . ?" F* 10 * m the same > and 

occasionally arethenex^n^^^-: 7 7 ^ ^ P ro P orti ™ but 
in calculation, as is the calf in fZi °^< otheG ^t £ urn for convenience 

*all, page ^0^^147. " ^ *"* taHA: See M ^ 

mto England alone and some do tt ^ s f™^ate between those 
McCulloch, 439 See a tail in ^n"< " ° P °f 6 , r S Qfficlal ta] ] ^ ^5 : 
into Ireland one to two m hW J ™ h T ***? MG ' makin S tiie ™portB 
In Barnes, the q ll0 „ Ste o to dtf ^ ^ ^ J?1)i i!! 181 ^ 

cases. See also ^g*^^ ^1°^ d ^ »**f in most 
imported into Ireland and Smfl.nrl « ' ' ! ' j ' ! he usua] quantity 

has been, during Sl^^ '^Ti^?SS^ * $**, 

annum, it is believed In IfiS V iS mi!!,0 " s of V°Wte per 

believed to be re-exported 1,1? ' 0i t,:,,t mr:[ m **&ati ™ 

and no ^riSW^^^^i ** 

those of cotton exceeded 6* ™m\ ))Z«Tr ' sin< e 1825 > ^en 

The largest a^SS ^r 1^3 1m? an ^f lfa, ? es,8 ^ : P^O. 
ports of January, KSS"!f " ^ ^ U ^ stii ^~ 
other sources of not so recent dai, ^ M the SCC01ld ""<*, from 

poffl pr^^^Srtf ztt^wn r 3 -si 18 * — 

the tables as to Liverpool imporis a! one! 8 d ""* djiki ' SOffie ^ 

-If^ «ft> 1H)2. 1793 : <,c.were 

ratio, it will be seer- b "t , 1 ? WeSt Indles ' Slithers, 157. Our 

vary'as the En S t tun s'iff, " """^ ^ l834 ™ d 1S3 ^ -1 
mated amount of her ySu"y im^ C ° nCermn f the »' hole actual or esti- 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



37 



H.— COTTON, RAW. 



Imports of 


Where From. 




Imports of 










'* 


. . 




!- 

P* <D 


C3 i 




ra 


-T3 

2 


- 


6 


— 
m 

6 


[H 


11 




S ! 
N 

is 

m 

z 


5 
GO 

c 


O 


o 




h-H 


S 
>— 


- ' 


W^ 


2'55Ph 


fl 


>— I 




~ 


(A 










1 — 1 










cS 






















lbs. 


lbs. 


1 




lbs. 
Millions. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 




Milli i 


Milli 


Vlilli a 


Millions.'Miilio] 


Millions. 




I* 19 






1 














1790 


- 


- 




- 


- 


- 


- 




97,357 

Millions. 


1791 


_ 




_ 


_ 







_ 


'4 


1792 








_ 








7 


L793 


















1794 










_ 






■ 


1795 


_ 


~~ 














4 


1796 








— 


_ 








•U 


179* 






_ 




_ 








1>1 


1798 




















1799 


_ 




_ 






- 






3J 


L800 


















. 


1801 




i 


~ 












1 1 


1802 




2 








! 












4 








_ i 


Oi 




.J 


i:m; 




6 














31 




_ 


: 






_ 




_ 


_ 


2i 


i 


iO 


7 


_ 




- 


- 


- 




^4 




_ 


6 






- 


_ 


_ 


- 


3^ 




„ 


a 


_ 


_ 


- 


— 


- 


- 


41 




_ 


__ 


_ 


_ 


- 


_ 


— 


- 


1 


1810 


25 








_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


* 


1811 


_ 








_ 




— 


_ 




181 


_ 








_ 




_ 




i 


1813 


" 


10 




_ 


- _ 


_ 


- 




if 




- 


: 


_ 


i _ 


- 


- 






i 

r. 


1815 


_ 


20 


_ 




- 




- 


- 


1 




_ 


18 





i _ 


_ 


- 


— 


- 


i 
5 


: ' 


- 


— 


_ 




- 




- 


- 


3 




_ 






_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


111 


1819 


_ 


_ 




i 


_ 


_ 




- 


15 




■:■■ 


_ 




l — 


_ 


_ 


— 


i _ 


1 


1821 


; 


- 






_ 


G 


_ 




§ 


1822 


61 






_ 







_ 






1 


51 


25" 




_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 




i 
s 










_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1 ~~ 


! 


1825 


! 61 


30 






_ 




_ 




i 


1826 


1 96 


j 62| 






_ 






301 


I 


i i 


87 


i 


_ 












3 


1828 


1 6! 


i 




- 














1 ' 


1 i ; 



















' 


75 


6~ 


7~ 


38 


1?* 


_ 


„_ 


1 


' 


! to 61 


! 4 r > t< 


7* 


3i 


29 


18| 


_ 


i-38 ■ ' ■ 




1832 




73 to 77 


k 81 


31 


48 


19i 


_ 


60 


1 
2 


1833 


1 • 


76i 






38 


19 


_ 


- 


i 




-■'• ' 


', i to 81 


7 


4~ 





19 J 


o 


45 ] 


1 


1835 


9 


91 










_ 


— 


is 


[U 


1 m 


1 




1 [3] 


[4] 


[5] 


[6] 


m 


[8] [93 



38 [ Doc. No. 146. J 

[1] The value of the imports of raw cotton into each country it has not 
been deemed necessary to give in detail, as the quantity, and the prices in 
the United States and Liverpool, with those in India, and some other 
places occasionally, are presented, and will enable any person easily to 
make a computation of the whole value of the imports into any particular 
country. 

[2] The imports into any country during any particular year, sometimes 
fall short of the actual consumption in that year, if a large stock from any 
particular cause be on hand at the begining, or a very small stock at the 
end of the year. The whole amount imported into any place, and the 
amount from each country, differ a little occasionally, by mistakes in copy- 
ing or misprints probably. For imports of 1820 and 1S21, into France, 
see Quarterly Review, (1824-5). For those of 1S34, see tables of French 
Com. for '34; and for 1810, Edinburgh Review, page 61, (1829) which states, 
those for 1828-9, at 80 or 90 millions of pounds; for 1806, see London 
Cyclop, article "Cotton." Baines. 515. From 1822 to 1832, see a table 
in McCulloclfs Diet, page 448, which is given below in bags. In 1819, in 
vol. 3, Diet, of Com. and Finance for Spain, page 244, the value of im- 
ports of raw cotton is estimated at only $2,000,000, into France, but it 
must be too low. Those for 1833, and the smallest for 1834 and for 1S35, 
are from manuscript. Annexed are the quantities in bales, and the stocks 
on hand each year, from 1822 to 1835 inclusive, from another and similar 
source, as to the three last years ; the previous ones are from McCulloch. 
See table T, note [2], as to stocks on hand in England. 

Statement of the general imports and stocks of Cotton in France in 
1835, compared with those of the thirteen preceding years: 

Sioc/cs, s>rc. 31. 
42,545 
40,078 

17.194 
35.306 
71.479 
85,403 
51,812 
29,292 
61,260 
35,810 
22.506 
51.753 
107 

J/.096 

[3] See Pitkins's Stat, page 485. 

[4] Those for Saxony, Prussia, and Trieste, are given from Pitkins's 
Statistics, 485. About one-third comes from the United States, and some 
of it through France and Holland: from Brazil and the West Indies, one- 
fourth; from Egypt and Turkey, one-fifth; and from India, one-lenrth. See 
note 8, below, and McCulloch's Diet. 442. In Saxony and Prussia, the 



Years. 




htvpo \ 


1822 


bales 


205,S61 


1823 


u 


169.845 


1824 


u 


251.074 


1825 


a 


204,572 


1826 


a 


320,174 


1S27 


u 


290,617 


182S 


a 


206,132 


1829 


u 


242,230 


1830 


a 


282.752 


1831 


a 


218/393 


1832 


a 


259,159 


1833 


a 


305,633 


1834 


a 


274,307 


1835 


a 


324.425 



.42s 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 39 

manufacture of cotton cloth is considerable, but is chiefly from English 
yarn See exports of manufactures from England, and supplement to 
Encyclop. Brittamca, article "cotton." The spinning is slowly increasing 
bv machinery. In 1831 Prussia exported one-tourth more of cotton cloths 
than in 1826, being 17 millions of yards. Blackwood's Magazine, for 
January, 1836. 

T51 Of the imports into Switzerland, quite six millions pass in some 
rails through France. Genoa imported in 1830, two and one-half million; 
in 1831, four and one-tenth millions ; 1S32, five and one-tenth. Ha If of this 
probably goes to Switzerland, and nearly half the imports into Trieste. (See 
below.) Switzerland has long imported cotton, but it has chiefly been spun 
by the distaff. Supplement to Encyclop. Brittamca, "Cotton." See more 
Westminster Review, for April, 1833. 

[6] Those into Spain were chiefly from provinces in America. 1 Diet, 
of Fin. and Com. 

m Except the large sum for 1831, and that for 1832, which are founded 
on a table in McCulloch, the imports into China are computed from 
other writers on the exports thither from India, with a small addition rom 
other places, chiefly islands. See tables D and F, and 3 Crawford s History. 
Most of the export J from India go to China, except what went to he Uni ed 
States formerly, and then and now to England. Table G. It is feared 
that they are not usually stated high enough. Supplement to Encyclop. 



Brit. < : cotton." 



[81 The imports into the United States are taken from official returns, 
and have been very fluctuating in amount; they have come chiefly from 
Indua See Seybert 92, where he says, that before 1825 we consumed two 
millions of pounds of it yearly. For a table of imports and exports of 
foreign raw cotton, from 1800 to 1814, see Seyb. St. page 25/ . 

[9] Other countries of Europe than those enumerated, import consider- 
able quantities of raw cotton : e. g. Holland and Belgium, about 10 or 12 
millions of pounds, of which., a part passes into Germany, and 5 or b mil- 
^ of pounds is from the United States. So into Germany tact* im- 
ported a/ Trieste alone, from the United States about 4 to 5 mi ho • and 
some from Eo-ypt and Turkey, in all. making in 1830, , 12| million oi 
£2£-^k% million of pounds; and 1832, 25| .*J o 'j™^ 
McCulloch page 442. Into the Hanse towns are imported fiom neie 4 to o 
SSKSsinore yearly, and about 1 million erf ^"***W 
&.c. &c. See exports, table F, note 2. Russia imported nto Petersburg, 
t all, 1830, 21 million of pounds; 1831, -^^^^^jS- 
1822 one and eight-tenths million of pounds. In 1834, J^™ » »"■ 
by Mr. Alexander, to have imported 12* ^f^ftlleS 
It is said in Westminster Review, for April, 1835, that Lombardy alone con- 
sumes four million pounds of raw cotton yearly. 



40 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 

I. 

COTTON, RAW. 



Quantity consumed and manufactured in 







xs 


I 


a 




* 






rt 


^ 


o 






■^ 


£ 




< 


H 





lbs. 



11-; 






lbs. 



Cm 



lbs 



1796 

1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
Ih05 
1806 
1807 
180? 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
15 
ISh) 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
i833 
j 834 
i835 
'11 



3 





[ Doc. No. 14G. ] 41 

ij [I] It is important to bear in mind that this tabic does not show thecon- 
I sumption pi wamtfactured cotton] but only the consumption and manu- 
Ifacture of cotton in its raw state. Hence it includes the quantity of raw 
j cotton raised in any country and not exported, with the additional quan- 
tity imported and nol . the -quantities on hand at the 
| con ■ ani nation ol y6ar to be similar. Most of the 
qiiantitie; include w .. used in all \va] in made in families as well as 
in manufa< ; ■ . It also includes whaji is consumed in a raw state, which 
is calculated to "be, in England, quite T x 4 th. The whole consumption in 
Europe, m 1830, w s about 387 millions ol pounds, (Pi tk. £ at, L); or less 
than the | resenl exports of the United States. The consumption in manu- 
factures i lw cotton in all Europe, in 1803, way estimated at only 60 
millions of pounds. Dictionary of. Spanish Commerce; and in London 
Cyclopedia, article "Cotton," cq only .18 millions of pounds in all 
Europe, e: pt id and v. . Till 1773 the warp in the web of 
what was called cotton cloth in , was linen. McCulloch, 438. 
(See table See 1 elow. note [12]. 

[2] T; •' qi [and ::r ■ generally taken from Mar- 

. d"ap roved by Pitkin. Bui P uter, in 
0. to 1832.' larger by 5 to 10 millions 
: . r annum. Part oi' the cliff ren ■ ■ . ■ ■ i :ludi 

Irei.;. . : . ■ ' ari ! ; nm ti aes !.o< kin ■■ nl I the impo -ts, and di ductingf 
jthe quai ported: when, in fact, tin ntil on hand at the begin- 

ning an ' ! of the year, or the actual qn itil entered for home c< 
sumption itialhj < :: " nt. ' : out 10 to 20 millions of pounds 

(yearly, ■ i [i :; as li tie as \ to ' th of what is imported is re-exported 
ifrom Se Baines, 347, and, in Marshall and Pitkin's, schedules 

pf it. An estim'fi 3 ade in France, was onkr 241 millions of 

(pounds; an'sl in Ci ber oJ ; ers for 1.S34, was 320 millions of pounds; 
land by ] \w i. ] 1.6, for 1832, was 288 millions of pounds; 

While I 'banc I o : ■ ' pterin England, in his late speech, 

state ' - hom» co iption inT834 was 3 illions of poun 

andinlS 04 millions o pound . But by the annual Liverpool report in 

February, 1836, and n con: imption in 1835 is estimated 

higher tl y 13* milfi s of pounds. Others put 1834 at 3 

millions of i : >5 at 330 millions. In the Edinburgh Review, 

' eisgivenfro i and Cook's Com. of G. Brit. 

: iclusive, which is as follows: 1822, ii ; ! millions of 
1823, !.47 T V; L824, 174-V; 1825, 169 T V; 1826,] L827, 

20Le : L'8.28, I . IS29, I . : ; 1831, 257*. The consu nip- 

ion in Scot] ■' in part from English imports, exceeded in 

1835, 32 millions of pounds. Since 1823, when changes occurred in the 
luties, Ire nade considerable cotton cloth; in 1825, quite 6-| mil- 

ipns of yards. But k was chiefly from yarn spun in England; (McCul- 
och, 4 14;) or from raw cotton exported there from England; which, from 
J1821 to ■; from U to 2J, millions of pounds per annum. 

See tables on this in Smithers, 150 and 151. London Cyclopedia, article 
'Cotto In :■ see a table on imports and consumption, and 

tock on hand, same j :ars; at the close of 1823. in England, it was 92 
uillions of pounds. See Liverpool annual report, where the stock on hand 
tth? cl i'i was 59|- millions of pounds, and 1835 was 73| mil- 

lions of pounds. In 1833 it was about 60 millions of pounds, and had 



42 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

diminished gradually since 1826, when it was 100 millions of pounds. 
(Baines, page 318.) See table H, note 2. 

[3] See on France, Baines, page 525. But the quantity of imports is 
generally higher than consumption by 5 or 6 millions of pounds (unless the 
stock on hand is very large when the last is sometimes highest) ; as, of late 
years especially, France re-exports to the neighbouring countries, by land, 
S or 9 millions of pounds per annum, occasionally. (French Tables of 
Commerce, page 156, for 1832-3.) About T \ of these re-exports are to 
Switzerland, and the rest to Sardinia, Genoa, &c. As for back as 1789 
France used but little cotton, except in household manufactures. Q,uar. 
Rev. (1824-5) page 394. For 1815, see Baines, page 515, and for 1806 
see London Cyclopedia, article "Cotton/' In the French Chamber of Peers 
it was testified, that the consumption in 1834 was 80 millions of pounds. 
In the Edinburgh Review, page 432, (1832) is a table of raw cotton con- 
sumed yearly in France from" 1822 to 1831, in which the quantity is 
different from 1 to 10 or 12 millions in different years, some less and some 
more, e. g. 

Years. M. lbs. Years. 

1.822 . ... en 



51 s - 

1824 - - - ri-f 



1827 
1828 
1829 

1825 65" 1830 

1826 - 84* 1831 



M. lbs. 


84 


72 


73 J 



Those in the table from 1798 to 1S06, and 1817, are from Sup. to Ency. 
Brit. "Cotton." See table K, into what articles the cotton is made, com- 
parative prices, &e. 

[4] The large estimates for 1790, 1800 and 1805, in the United States 
were made by myself, and the small ones, with that for 1815, are from a 
report of a Committee of the House of Representatives, February 13, 1816. 
That for 1810 is from Seybert's Statistics, page 92, and includes what cot- 
ton was used in household manufactures, as do my own . Mr. Gallatin 
made a similar one for 1810. Pitkin. 487. Some estimates of earlier 
date, probably did not include what was used in dwelling houses. Before 
1825 we consumed often 2 millions of pounds a year, of "raw cotton grown 
abroad, (Seyb. 257 and 92) ; and one-fourteenth of the imports and crop in the 
United States and England is used or consumed in its raw state without 
being made into either yarn or cloth. Table H. In Coxe-'s report on Man- 
ufactures for 1810, he gives the manufactures of cotton in families at five 
millions of dollars value, and number of yards 16.\ millions; winch, at 50 
cents, the worth of coarse cloth to each pound of cotton in it. would make 
8 or 10 millions of pounds used. Coxe reports a few large manufacto- 
ries, but without any data to show their consumption of raw cotton; but 
see table L, spindles, note. They probably used 6 to 8 millions of pounds 
more. In the French Chamber of Peers the estimate was only 36 millions 
of pounds consumed in the United States in 1834 (see below). The whole 
manufacture of cotton in the United States must be as large as the esti- 
mate, though beyond the usual computation, if we look to the number of 
spindles, and to the great household manufacture of it in the families of 
the South and West, for all purposes. 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 43 

Ao-ain it is to be deduced from the fact, that in the great cheapness and 
heaUhfulness of cotton manufactures, our population consume each rive to six 
dollars worth of them yearly, for clothing, bedding, sai s, &c . &c .which, 
at a census of 14 millions, would be from 70 to 84 millions of dollars ill 
value In England the consumption is computed to be only a traction less 
than that, and in France it is $4 per head. In Belgium, Alexander com- 
putes it at 20 francs, or a little over *3| per head- As we import from 
Eno-land, France and Germany, about 7 millions of dollars of cotton man- 
ufactures more than we export, and those articles are finer than our own, it 
is a fair estimate, that we manufacture in this country, from 50 to fO imi- 
lions of dollars worth of cotton manufactures; which, at two pounds ol 
raw cotton or near it per dollar of manufactured cloth, on an average, 
would, in all, equal about 100 millions of pounds or more oi raw cotton 
manufactured here. Of this, about 5 to 20 millions of dollars worth are 
made in domestic form; and 45 to 50 millions of dollars m factories in A. 

D. 1835. , , . . " ., f . , 

In 1831, the convention in New York estimated that only 2b millions ol 
dollars worth of yarn and cloth were made in manufactories; and in 1834, 
Pitkin, pao-e 484, estimated all manufactures of cotton in the United states 
at 40 millions of dollars value yearly. This would require in 1831, as in 
the table, about 77 millions of pounds of raw cotton, as estimated m the 
j convention at New York, for manufactories in 12 States, bee lVjcLulioch, 
448, who supposes it was a committee of Congress. 

' As our Population is increasing from 1830 to 1840 at the rate oi nearly 
! 4 per cent', or quite 400,000 persons per annum, and as 10 to 12 pounds ol 
raw cotton are required per head, and our imports of cotton manufactures 
I do not increase, we must add yearly to our manufactures about 4 to 5 mil- 
j lions more of raw cotton. This would make an addition from the esti- 
i mate in 1830, so that the whole consumption would, m 18B5, equal 100 mil- 
i lions of pounds of raw cotton. An intelligent merchant and manufacturer 
\ of the north thinks the consumption now is 106 millions of pounds 1 he 
quantity manufactured here in 1827 is estimated by Reuss,m his hmlesou 
American Trade, at only 31 millions of pounds, and in 1828 at 36 millions 
of pounds; but they must be too low, as are the usual estimates for the last 
three or four years, at only 80 and 85 millions of pounds, or they must in- 
clude only what was worked up in factories, and the former estimate not alt 
of that. On the great consumption of cotton in household manufactures in 
the United States, and the opinion entertained in 1791 on the importance 
i and expectations of success in the establishment of manufactures by ma- 
chinery, and its influence on the growth of cotton in the United States, see 
more in Hamilton's report, A. I). 1791. 

[51 See Urquhart on Turkey, page 150 and 179, that two pounds per head 
is manufactured there; and also that 50 millions of dollars worth of mus- 
lins alone were yearly consumed there and in Africa. They were not all, 
however, of- domestic manufacture, it is presumed. 

In Egypt it has been estimated, that from 8 to 9 millions of pounds ot 
the crop of 1835 will be consumed in that country. See table A, note J. 

[61 This statement, for Russia in 1824 is from Porter's tables, 545; see 
Baines 400. In the southwestern parts of Russia, bordering on Germany, 
manufactories and machinery have been considerably introduced, and yarn 

I 




44 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

from England is woven there, as in India and elsewhere, as well as raw 
cotton, imported chiefly from the United States, either direct or through 
the ports on the Baltic. See exports of raw cotton, table P, note. "A 
few others have been established southeast of Moscow. See Lon. Cyclop, 
article "Cotton," and one cotton mill is in operation in St. Petersburg;!!. 

Spain in 1803. 
,810 yards 
3s of tape. 

[8] In Puebla in Mexico, in 1803, were manufactured 1^ millions of 
pounds of raw cotton. (4 Dictionary of Spanish Commerce, page 178.1 
In Campeachy the manufactures are most extensive. 2 Hist, of Colon;} la. 

[9] Among the other places is Switzerland, which, hi 1831, con 
near 19 millions of pounds of raw cotton. Baines, 5; 6; e imports. 
That country began to use machinery for cotton in 1798. but the progr 
has been slow, and the establishments are small, though -active. London 
Cyclop, article •'Cotton.* 1 Muslins have been made There, it is said, a cen- 
tury and a half. But beside England and France, the cotton spun in the 
rest of Europe in 1823 was estimated at only ]S pounds. 

London Cyclop, article "Cotton."' See table K, note. In 1834, it was 
estimated by Mr. Alexander, thai Belgium consumed 12§ millions of pounds 
of raw cotton. Sec table, exports ot manufactures and notes. 

[10] The statements for 1833. 1821, 1811, 1801, and 1791, axe generally 
computations made from other dam as to the crops in the diff i nt countries 
named, which were grown and not exported, and the quantities of raw cot- 
ton imported into each: beyond this, they are rather conjectures than esti- 
mates, founded i n%efy satisfactory facts. 

[11] The quantities computed torbe manufactured in India and China are 
very lar ; but, perhaps, tl few rather than above the truth. See 

Sup] it to Ency. Brit, article "Cotton;' and tal and F on growth 

of cotton and exports. In the Indian islands mo; heir raw cotton is 

made up, though a little i rted to China. 3 Crawfo ry, 350. 

[12] A table is annexed of the consumption of raw cotton in all Europe, 
from 183 s to 1835. inclusive, compiled by Lambert cc Co. of Liverpool, 
and distinguishing 'the estimated portion of it from this country. 

Consumption of option in Euro\ , ;■ duced to hales of 300 pounds. 

1831.1 - 1.272.176. of which - 92 i American. 

1832, ■■' . . 1,372,079, " - - 

1833, •• - - 1,409,786, - ' - 

1834, «■■- - 1,502,559, » - 1,2< 

1835, " - - 1.581,501, •■ - - 1.2' 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



45 



K. 

COTTON. MANUFACTURES OF 



(r 






789 
790 
791 
792 

i: ■ > 
79 i 
795 
79 6 
797 
,798 
i799 
•':):) 
801 



ile value of, yeai 



land. 



France. 



Dolls Do] 



Millions. 



swm 



Millions. 



m 








833 


i 




891 






305 






80S 






897 






-: ;,; 






809 






819 


■ 




811 






'813 


1 




813 






814 






,815 


95 'i 


_ 


1818 


. 




:si7 


_ 


3G 


818 






1819 






1820 






18-21 






833 


72 




1823 


155 




824 
1825 


MS to 190 








1826 






1837 


171 


_ 


^828 


_ 


19 


1829 






18:39 


- 


i 


fl83l 






1832 


Hi 


54 


1833 


$ 178 i 


- 


tmi 


IG&$ 


GS 


IS35 




_ 


M 




HI 


PI 


15 




- 





[Jni ■ . States. 



•liars. 



Capital employed in manufacturing b\ r 

machinery in — [ i] 



England. 



, lions. 



Dollars. 



Millions. 



24 



iwl 



43 to 50 



3091 



325 ! 

216 

160 

S 360 \ 

{.168 { 

250 

[7] 



France. 



Dollar; 



Million; 



HE 



-101 



United Sli 



Dollars. 



Llipris. 



40 



40f or 62 



44 J 



m 



SO 



46 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

[1] The values in England in the tables are taken, for 1S34, from 
McCulloch and Aiken, Edin. Rev. 472, (1835,) and Baines, 412; for 1833, 
in 1st line, from Pebrier on Eng. page 314 ; for 2d line, for 1827, from 
Edin. Rev. page 22, (1827.) The first edition of McCnlloch agreed with 
Pebrier, but in the second edition he lowered the amount. Baines, 398, 
and note. That for 1823 was by Mr. Huskisson. Baines, 399. That for 
1824 is from Supplement to Encyclop. Brit. " Cotton.". 

In McCulloch's Dict'y of Com. and Baines, 406, and Pitkin, 486, it is 
computed that the present value of the cotton manufacture equals about 
twice the amount of it exported. It is said that only 37 per cent, is con- 
sumed of what is made. Aiken's Lectures. See exports. In 1766 Eng- 
land made about three times as much as she exported of cotton goods, 
thouo-h Edin. Rev. page 166, (1830,) says she then made only one million 
of dollars worth. Do. page 18, (1S27.) The estimate for 1815 is in 
Edinb. Encyclop. art. " Cotton." The items for computing the value of 
the annual manufacture, are given in Edin. Rev. (1827) page 22, and in 
Edin. Rev. page 472, (1835.) and in Baines, 412. 

In Scotlandalone it is said the manufacture of cotton in 1835 equalled 
in value 11-J- millions of dollars ; but in 1832, was estimated by Kennedy at 
I2i, though prices higher ; and in Ireland at 1^ millions of dollars. Baines, 
409, thinks the exports are nearly that before named from Scotland, and 
the manufacture double. Page 410. 



[2] The values in France for 1817 are too high, and that for 1S28 too 

low, it is believed ; but were extracted, the first from 2 Chaptal on French 

■ Industry, page 150, and Sup. to Encyclop. Brit. " Cotton," and the last from 

some author not remembered. Estimated at 111 millions of dollars by 

Minerel, but too high. Baines, 521. 

Those for 1832 and 4 are estimates made on the number of spindles. &c. 

[3] The value for 1830, in the United States, is from N. Y. Conven. and 
includes but 12 States and no household goods, otherwise it would equal 
40 millions. Pitkin, 483. 

The whole value in 1835 is my estimate from the quantity of cotton 
worked up, &c. Pitkin, 482. 

■ The value for 1815 is by a Committee of Congress, and is confined to 
goods made in factories. The whole value of cotton, woollen and flax 
manufactures in 1810, was computed at only 40 millions of dollars — the 
value of cotton alone in 1830. 

[4] The value of manufactured cottons, when the quantity of raw cotton 
in them is the same, differs greatly according to different periods of time in 
the same country, and according to the quality of the raw material, and the 
machinery used, and the skill employed. See table M, note [21. 

Thus in England, in 20 years after Arkright's invention in spinning, 
manufactured cottons fell nearly eight-ninths of their former price. Every 
ten years since, some have computed their fall in price as equal to 50 per 
cent. In the American Encyclopedia, article "Cotton," it is said, that, from 
1815 to 1829, the coarse cloths fell two thirds. See in Pebriers views of 
England, page 343, a table sho he fall there at different periods. See 

taHe M, note [3], on official and 1 ] s at different periods. In 1810," 
yarn, on an average, was worth ;-< 1 .'I :.J. per pound. Report by Gallatin. See 



* 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 47 

prices of other articles ii* his report. In 1814 it was estimated under $1 per 
pound by Cox. In 1S32 it was said that the cost of making most species 
of yarn had been reduced since 1812 about a half, and that ,of weaving by 
power looms, &c. still more. See Edm. Rev. 427, (1832,) a list of prices. 
Some of the differences as to the whole value of manufactured goods spring 
from not adverting to all the fall in prices, though the yarn and cloth have 
increased in quantity. See a table of reduction in prices of spinning. In 
1786 it cost 10*. per pound of No. 100, in 1824 only 8d. or only 16 cents 
instead of 240 cents. Supplement to Cyclop. Brit. " Cotton." 

[5] The best cotton goods are supposed to be made in Switzerland, where 
the skill and machinery are good, and the climate congenial. But the raw 
material, being carried so far by land, is expensive, and the manutfieturer 
cannot compete with England, though 20 per cent, cheaper than in France. 
Baines, 524. 

In France many fine goods are made by skill and experience ; but the 
machinery is poorer, and costs more. Edinb. Rev. page 61, (1829.) Hence 
the prices in those two countries of the cloth made from a pound of raw 
cotton, exceed on an average, 50 cents, while in England they are about 
50 cents, and in the United States are now somewhat less. In 1806 the 
cotton was made chiefly into velveteens, nankeens, crapes, muslins, <fcc. 
See at length London Cyclop, art. "Cotton." 

But in 1810 our cotton cloths made in houses and manufactories, on an 
average, were estimated at 33 cents per yard in Coxe's Tables, pao-e 10. 
The prices are now lower, notwithstanding the introduction so extensively 
of finer cloths and of printing calicoes. 

We make more coarse and substantial cloths of cotton now than Eng- 
land, and they can be afforded cheaper by two or three cents per yard. They 
are in greater demand abroad. Am. Quart. Rev. (1834) page 256. 3 Par- 
liamentary Reports, (1833) page 332. We put more staple into them, the 
raw material being cheaper here. But the English laces, being made chiefly 
of sea island cotton, with a very little silk, enhance the value of each pound 
to over $5 ; and the whole manufacture of it equals nine millions of dollars 
per annum, (McCulloch, page 744.) and 30f millions of square yards. 

The coarse India cottons are made of the worst materials and less smooth, 
being chiefly spun by hand, and the raw material poorer. Baines. But 
the thread so spun is softer and the cloth more durable. Report on Affairs of 
India, (1832.) appendix, page 310. But the power to spin a fine thread 
there has been carried almost as far as in England. See table L, note [5]. 

ON CAPITAL. 

[6] Capital invested is computed on very different principles and data by 
different persons, and the price of machinery has of late fallen much per 
spindle. See notes on spindles. In the computation of capital in- manu- 
facturing cotton, there is generally included only what is in factories. 

[7] The real capital has doubtless increased in England since 1827, 
though in the table there is an apparent diminution. That and other dif- 
ferences often arise from the estimates being made by different persons, and 
on data somewhat unlike, as well as from changes in the value of ma- 
chinery, and in its increase. 

The computation for 1827 is by the Edin. Rev. page 22, 1827 ; that for 
1830 is by some writer not noted ; that for 1831 in 1st edition of 



48 I Doc. No. 146. ] 

McCulloch's Dict'y, Pitk. Stat. 486, for 1S33, by Pebrier, page L5, in 1st 
line, and in 2d line by Barnes, 415. and Edm. Rev. pa] e 41 2, 1835;) and 
2d edition of McCulloeh ; and lor 1834 by Aiken, who places bittldings 
and machinery, or the fixed capital at only about half the value of that in 
Edin. Rev. (1827) page 22, or at about 97 millions of dollars instead of 181 
millions. 

The ratio adopted for 1827 was, capital in miv&s. 

buying raw material - £ 9 millions, and for 1334 £ 4 

Capital in paying wages - 19 " •'• 10 

Capital in mills, machinery, looms. 

shop, &c. 37 - < ; 20 

£05 « " £34 

So Kennedy in Baines, 413. differs again, making fixed capita! on' . : iout 
15 million pounds. &c; The present value of capital i . i ings, 

water privileges, and ier\ . is often less than their original cost, and is 

another source of difference. 

[8] The capital in 1815, for the United States, is computed i y n < Committee 
of Congress, and is not any too high. Report, Feb. 13, 1816; [liatm 1130 is 
by the New York Convention, and is correct according to the humi ' >:!' spin- 
dles compared with England and her capital, a. ,d is in fact at 40 million dol- 
lars for fixtures alone, and about 22 mi'- hollars for the rest. <ott< ihigfe. 
That for 1832 is from Reuss on Am. Ti ,■ \. The whole capital 

here, in proportion to each spindle, is mor I ills and machinery together 
than in England, and more 1'or wage;. f< ;.is sometimes higher for addi- 
tional machinery and workmen for finer kinds of manufacture. The average 
value of her capital to each spindle, as computed by me for 1835, would be 
about :<:i<) to each : which woidd, on the same data, make our capital then 
equal to §>35 per spindle. But in the ?\e\v York Convention, in 1S30, are 
given the details of their estimates, and the buildings and machinery alone 
cost here, on their computation, near I ; iiidle, and it requires to pay 

wages, furnish raw cotton and other materials, superintendence, <fcc. quite 
$sll more per spindle, making the whole $46 each, or now near 80 million 
dollars capital. In 1810, it was estimated that $60 per spindle was necessary. 
See Coxe and Gallatin. It is now $60 in some lactones at Lowell. This 
agrees nearly with the older computations in England : and as goods become 
finer, and machinery still cheaper, in the United States, the approximation 
will be still closer. See table L, note. But another striking cause of dif- 
ference arises from the kind of goods made here compared with England, 
requiring there less capital for machinery, looms, &c. Besides, that the 
spindles thefee are choaper, and less capital is needed for workmen, when the 
number of spindles is the same, to tend power 1ood*s, color and stamp dies, &c. 
in proportion, than in the United States. Because there, in 1833. only a little 
over one-hali of the cotton spun was made into cloth in the factories, or only 
7 0.V millions of pounds out of 145 millions of pounds. The rest was sold or 
exported as yarn and thread. See Baines, 607. And in another estimate, 
over one-half the exports are in yarn. See table M, note [1], Baines, 409. 
SVhile in 1830, in the United States, the computation of yarn sold, com- 
pared with cloth made, was not one-tenth of the weight. In 1810 it 
es ■■■vd-d one-half. Gallatin. Another cause of the difference is, perhaps, 



[ Doc. No. 14G. ] 49 

that much of the fine weaving Of. ginghams, muslins and mixed cloths there 
is done m hand looms not belonging to the factories. See Baines. 418. 
In the computation before stated, of the capital per spindle for 1830. in the 
United States, it may be useful to exhibit it. in another form. According to 
Pitk. page 482. a 

The capital in mills and fixtures was - - - £10 q. millions. 

Do. in other machinery about - - - 4_l! « 

J I 



Capital in mills and machinery - - - - 45 millions. 



Which at 11 millions of spinal e's is al but .'i 35 to each. 
Capital floating or circulating, in paying wages, was near 12 millions, 
Capital circulating, in buying stock, &c. -■". - 2 



14 



About $11 more per spindle, or ^46 for every spindle. 

The valuation placed on machinery should now be less, though most 
of tha t in use cost high. See spindles. The English proportion nowis about 
$12 capital per spindle invested in mills, machinery, and all fixtures con- 
nected, or not much over one-third the proportion here. But it is about $8 
to each spindle in the floating capital, for wages, stock, dec. or over two- 
thirds the proportion here. More of their fine spuming is also done on the 
mule spindle, which costs but little over half what the throstle spindle does, 
and which last has been equally as much used here as the other, and of 
late years, it is believed, far more than the other: In 1831, in England, 
in Lancashire, the number of mule spindles was more than 12, times tiiat of 
the throstle. Baines, 209 — note. Her capital in mills and machinery alone 
is said not to exceed $4,16 to each spindle. See Baines, 414 and 368. 
But that must exclude water privileges and steam engines, probably, and 
■all looms, out-houses, shops, &c. and refer chiefly to the mule spindle. 

In 1824 it was considered in England that we employed too many per- 
sons and too much capital per spindle. Sup. to Cyclop. Brit. art. " Cotton." 

[9] The advantages of different countries for the cotton manufacture, 
-depend, in a great measure, on their natural condition — long habits and 
laws. England is superior to most in the abundance 'and cheapness of 
iron for machinery; in coal for warming buildings and moving steam 
power ; hi suitable climate ; ingenuity, experience, and skill of mechanics 
from great division of labor, &c. ; in greater commerce to find best markets ; 
capital at low interest, and wages not high ; and property secure. But 
taxes there and raw material are high, and living is more expensive than 
in some other places. Edinb. Rev. (1835) page 466. McCulloch, 446. A 
great increase is supposed to have taken place the past year in erecting 
cotton factories in England. 

The United States, by numerous and cheap water falls, have a good 
substitute for steam, and will soon have coal as low for warming ; have 
equal ingenuity, and probably now superior merit in machinery : but iron 
and coal are dearer, and raw material and living both lower, and property as 
secure; wages and capital higher; much less taxation ; and a protective 
tariff. It is said in Amer. Cyclop: art. " Cotton," that the introduction of 
■the power loom in 181a has given great permanency and prosperity to our 
4 



50 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

cotton establishments. See table L, notes to spindles, and notes above in 
this table for something; more on England and United States. 

As to France, Switzerland, India, &c. it is not necessary nor convenient 
here to enter into details beyond what is stated in other parts of these notes. 
But it may deserve notice, that the increase in the use of raw cotton has been 
at a much more rapid rate in England than in France. Edin. Rev. (1832) 
page 433. See Baines, 525 and '6, and 515, on these points. See table I— 
note. See below, note [11.] 

The value of cotton manufactures in England is. comparatively, equal 
to two-thirds of all her public revenue, and to nearly all her exports of 
other articles. Table M, note 3. In 1797, the cotton manufacture, it is 
said in Seybert, page 92. took the lead of any other in England. But in 
1816 she consumed no more raw cotton than the United States do now. 

[10] The capital of France invested in cotton manufactures, is given for 
only one year, and computed at a medium between $20 per spindle, as in 
England, and $46 per spindle in the United States. As I have no French 
estimates on this subject beyond the data, given in Baines and other authors, 
as to the number of spindles merely, and their cost at different periods, the 
computation has not been extended to .other years. Baines, 517 and 518, 
gives estimates showing that Fiance requires 28 per cent, more capital than 
England to produce the same manufactures, according to some persons, 
and according to others 75 per cent. But Doct. Bowring estimates the 
difference at about 30 to 40 per cent. Baines, 520. 

[11] The subject of wages in the different kinds of manufacture, and in 
different countries, has not been discussed in detail. But see on it Wade's 
Hist, of Mid'g ("lasses, 570 to 576. It may be interesting to many to know 
that the average wages in 1832, in the United States, of all employed in a 
cotton factory, were about 14.9. lie/, sterling per week; in England, about 
10s., sometimes 125. ; in France, only 5s. (id. ; in Switzerland, 4*. 3d. ; in 
Austria, 3s. 9d. ; in Saxony, 3s. 6d. ; and in India from Is. to 2s. per week. 
Ditto, page 576, and Westminster Review for April, 1833. In Niles' Re- 
gister, November, 1817, page 156, it is said to be only two cents per day in 
India ; but that is probably too low. 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 
L.— COTTON, MANUFACTORIES OF, 



51 



Persons employed, connected wit 
chieiiy, number of, 


h factories 


Spindles 


employed ii 


i factories, 


number of, 


Years. 


In England 
20,000 


U. States. 


France. 


In England 


U. States. 


France. 


Switzerla'd. 


1750 












1760 


16,000? 














1770 


30,000 














1784 


80,000 














1787 j 


162,000 to 














260,000 














1789 


_ 


_ 




49,500 








1790 




_ 






70 




\ 


1791 
















1792 
















1793 
















1794 
















1795 
















1796 
















1797 
















1798 
















1799 
















1800 
















1801 
















1802 
















1803 
















1804 
















1805 


- 


_ 


_. 


^ . 


4,500 






1806 


— 


_ 


120,000 


__ 




81,000 




1807 


- 


- 


_ 


— 


8,000 






1808 
















1809 


.800,000"? 


_ 


_ 


mm 


31,000 






1810 


qe. 


- 


- 


Millions. 


87,000 






1811 


- 


- 


- 


5 


80,080? 
query. 


Millions. 




1812 


_ 


_ 


_ - 


4H 




1 




1813 








7 query. 








1814 


- 


r- 


_ 


_ 


122,646 






1815 


_ 


100,000 


_ 


_ 


130,000 






1816 


_ 


_ 


_ 


6i 








1817 


_ 


— 


_ 


6! 








1818 


_ 


— 


_ 


_ 


_ 


l- 2 - 

10 




1819 
















18-20 


— 


_ 


_ 




220,000 






18-21 


_ 


— 


«. 




230,000 






18-2-2 


427,000 














1823 
















1824 


_ 


t— 


_ 


61 


_ 


_ 


259,200 


1825 


_ 


— 


_ 


query. 


800,000 






IN'}!; 








• 








1827 j 


OOOto 




1 










1,000,000 
























Millions. 






1828 




_ 


_ 


_ 


U to 1 






1829 




_ 


_ 


7 








1830 




S 179,000 ) 
\ 175,146 $ 


- 


- 


n 






18' 


_. 


200,000 


200,000 


7^to8i 








1832 


1/260 000 


_ i 


_ 


- / 


- 


3| 




1833 


000 














1834 


_ 


— . 


600,000 


9i ■ 








L835 










u 








m 


[4] 


f3] 


[5]~ [6] 


m 


[7] 


[8] 




[2] 






[11] [12] 


i 




[10] 



52 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 







[1] The early computations of the number of persons employed ar 
very loose and contradictory. That for 1750, is from Smithers : s History -of 
Liverpool, page 154 ; that for 1760 and 1770, by Edinburgh Review (1827); 
for 1784, by Smith, and Baines, 218. The more recent estimates for 1S09, 
are too high, and are by Seyb. page 92, and for 1827 in 2d line, are from 
Edin. Rev. page 13. (1827,) and page 427. (1835) and McCullocli, 443. and 
Baines 431. The last make the actual laborers only 900,000. As the cloth 
made is finer, more, persons are required to a given number of spindles. So 
if it is stamped or printed (see below). It is computed, that in 10 years after 
machinery was introduced into the manufacture of cotton, the number of per- 
sons employed in it. was still augmented tenfold; some have said forty times, 
which is too high. But if ho machinery had been used in 1826, beyond what 
was used in 1760, it would have required from 42 to 53 millions of persons 
to perform what was then done in the cotton manufacture. (Quar. Review. 
1826 and Brown ring's Great Britain, pages 232.) They say one man 
now equals by machinery. 120 in A. D. 1780. or 200 according to Kennedy 
cited in Edinburgh Review, page 18, (1S27.) Smithers 127 : or in 1815, one 
equals from 40 to 60. Edinburgh Encyclop. '-cotton." In 1833, Pebrer, page 
314, estimates, that 80 millions of persons would be needed in the cotton 
manufactories without machinery. See on some of above, London Ency- 
clopedia, article, "cotton," printed 1829, and in Edinburgh Cyclopedia, 
article cotton, (1815) where the number of persons employed is estimated 
at one million ; but too high: See below, note [11.] 

[2] In Spain, in 1803, it wai computed, that 6,792 persons were employed 
in the manufacture of cotton goods. 1 Dictionary of Spanish Com. 65; and 
in Switzerland, in 1831. about 28,000 persons. West. Rev. for April, 1833. 

[3] The number in France for 1834, is from Baines, page 521. Many 
there engage in agriculture a part of the year as in India. The number 
for 1806, is from data in London Cyclopedia, article " cotton, 1- and sup- 
plement to Ency. Brit: c: cotton" where in 22 departments the number of 
persons engaged in spinning is said to be 28,460, and in weaving 31,107 
persons, and the spindles 800,724. These must include most in France, and 
the other persons incidentally engaged must be almost double to constitute 
the recent number of 6 or 7 persons to a spindle in making fine and colored 
cloths. The number for 1831, is from the West. Rev. April, 1833. page 397. 

[4] In the United States, the estimate for 1815, was made by a commit- 
tee of the House of Representatives, February 13, 1816. The number 
includes all engaged in the manufacture, or in making the mills, machinery, 
&c. and not those alone inside of the mills. These last in 1832, were com- 
puted by Reuss, on Am. Trade, page 274. at only 28,683. but by McCulloch's 
Dictionary, page 448, at 57.466. In 1830, by New York Convention, at 
57,520. and dependants al 117, 626 persons, or 175. i 16 in ah 1 , as in 2d line 
of the table. 

[5] Spindles. The spindle is the most convenient article in the cot- 
ton manufacture, by which to calculate the extent of it. The power of any 
one establishment, its cost, the number of persons employed, the quantity 
of raw cotton consumed,, the yarn or cloth made, and most other impor- 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 53 

tant results can, by the help of a few general data, be very nearly deduced 
from the number of spindles. 

On the great gain in substituting for the distaff and the spindle used by. 
hand, the present rnachinery for spinning and other processes to complete 
the manufacture of cotton, whether moved by horse power, water or steam, 
some illustrations have already been given in the first, note to this table, 
and in table K. 

With a view to furnish a few more details, which may possess some useful- 
ness and interest, it may be remarked on the power "of the spindle, that by 
improve bents in machinery it is said that .one now somstimes revolves 8,000 
times in a minute, instead of only 5:1 times as formerly, and that one will 
now spin on an average from one-sixth to one third more than it did. 20 years 
ag i, (b -v.- note 12). Indeed, in 1834, it is said that one person can spin 
•mora than double the weight of yarn in ; gh< rivtime than he could in 1829. 
Senior's Outline of Political Econ. page 198. The quantity of raw cotton 
■ ' spindle, depends of course, on the fineness of the thread and 

quality of the machinery. In * tid, where a considerable portion of 1 

the yarn is finer the averi about 8i- ounces weekly, or from 27 to 281bs. 

: (McGulloch, 441 note,) while the average in the United States is 
>0 pounds of .. . i rn number 21) and 25 in fineness and about. 

>. of number 35 and 40. In 1808 the average was computed at 
45 pou ds per spindle, of cotton yielding 38 pounds of yarn. (Report to 
Co: 1810.) The difference in weight between the cotton and the 

i by loss from dirt and waste is usually estimated from one twelfth to 
one-eighth.. (Baines, 376) At Lowell 100 pounds of cotton yields 89 
poi;:: doth, (Lowell Statistics. 1836,) though the average here used 

to be ■ oated at only 85 pounds. (!\ T iles Register, (1827) page 211.) wi 
cotton was not so well cleaned and machinery less perfect. One spindle 
at ■ ' produces through looms &c. on an average i r \ yards of cloth, 

daily ; but' this result must differ greatly with the fineness of the thread, 
exce.ll of the looms, width of the cloth. &c. 

in 1830, it was computed, that 37 spindles were necessary to supply one 
loom ; thousrh in 182.7, at Lowell, the actual proportion was only 26, at 
Exeter in 1831, it was 29, and now at Lowell it is 31. The number of 
looi ngland in 1832 was only 1 to about 40 spindles, so much more 

van ' and not woven there, (McCulloch ' I Itho v stly 

hand as. But in 1834. the number of them was about. 100,000 power 
loo:: ; 1,000 hand looms or in all, about 1 to 30. (Baines. page 237.) 

On- - ■ rmerly wove daily, about 20 yards of f eloth of the ordinary seven- 

t, more df the 26 inches in width used tor calicoes, and less of 
the 5 quarters wide. The average now is from 30 to 40 yards of No. 20. At 
Lowell in 1835. it was 38 to 49 yards of No. 14, and 25 to 30 yards of No. 
30. It requires 'from 4 to 5 yards of cloth of Nos. 20 to 25 yarn, to weigh 
one pound, and 5 to 6 yards of Nos. 35 and 40. 

The power of the spindle, as connected with the number of persons 
actually employed in factories, is, that, in making plain cloth of ordinary 
width and fineness; one person is needed to conduct all the business from 
the raw cotton to the finishing of the cloth lor every 20 spindles. It the 
cloth be colored and printed or stamped, one person will be wanted for 
every 7 spindles. This would be about 250 persons for all purposes in a 
factory of 5,000 spindles, making plain brown cloth. One person can 
manage from 2 to 3 power looms. 



54 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

The proportion of spindles to a factory was formerly very small, both 
in England and this country. Before 1806, it was only one or two 
hundred sometimes, and seldom exceeded 1,000. Soon after that some 
mills were built, containing: 4.000 spindles. The average in new mills is 
now from five to 6,000. In Lowell, 1836, in 27 mills they have 129.828 
spindles, or a little under 5,000 to each, though they print, &c. in some. 

A factory with 5,000 spindles, must be about 155 feet long and 45 
wide, 4 stories in height, and cohl i about 140 looms, with other suitable 
machinery for picking, warping, sizing, &c. Such an one with a few shops 
and out-houses appurtenant and land and water privilege, would cost from 
$140,000 to $220,000; according to the materials for building, whether 
wood, brick or stone, and the d, i from navigable waters, so as to affect 

cost of privilege, freight, &c. with other circumstances too numerous for 
recital. If -bleaching or printing cloths lie added, more expense will be ne- 
cessary, and more persons than the average for such an establishment 
including machinists. 

This would be a permanent investment of capital in buildings, water 
power, machinery and ali'appurtenances equal to $28 or $44 per spindle, 
independent of the temporary investment of capital to buy raw cotton, pay 
wages, &c. It would ofn id even exceed the latter sum than 

only the former. (See table K, on capital.) In 1810 it was computed, 
that the capital actually invested m machinery and real estate, averaged 
$60 per spindle. (Report of 1810.) It is not proposed here to go into any 
comparison' of this expense now with former periods, or with other coun- 
tries, except in regard to spindle alone, and the machinery as a 
whole. For the rest see table K. 

In 1806, when machinery could not by law be exported from England, 
and the machinists here were unskilful and few, the spindle and its appur- 
tenances from the picker to the loom inclusive, it is computed, cost $30 
each ; or 3 to 400 per cent higher thari it cost at that time in England, and 
over double its present cost in the United States. 

The great fall in its cost and value since, with various improvements in 
machinery, has been the cause of much loss to many capitalists em- 
ployed in the manufacture. By A. D. 1820, the machinery cost only about 
double its then value in England 2 \) the machinery was made here 

on an average, for about ,sll per spindle, and though now lower it still 
costs from 40 to 60 per cent more than in England. The whole machi- 
nery there and the mill cost only . I 6 per spindle. (Baines 368, 414,) 
But that includes probably no looms, eec. and merely the building without 
the water or stea •> power, and '■■'' mule spindle, moved by hand, and costing 

is than half what th ndle costs, "and which i& chiefly in use 

here. In France, in 1832, the spim one, which is about half the ex- 

pense of all the i lachinei . ci I $8. It used to cost there $10. (See 
Hocklin's Evkl.) Now the spindle alone costs here about $ U if of the 
throstle kind, and :s2.\ if of the mule kind, in some places in the United 
States 5 per cent higher, The former alone cost here, late as 1826, it 
is said, $8 each. The spindle used in the filling frame, epiite extensively 
at this time, costsabout . 

These may constitute useful and sufficient data for further computations. 
As a matter of some curious interest it may be added that one pound of cotton 
usually makes S yds. of coarse muslin, and is then increased in value from 
the raw cotton eight-fold. But if spun into the finest yarn, it is worth 5 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 55 

guineas, and in 1780, if woven into muslin and tamboured was worth 
£15. (5 Anderson's History of Com. S7S.) It may now be converted 
into a piece of lace worth 100 guineas. Senior's Outline of Polit. Econ. 
162, 178. Ill India, in 1786, they could spin cotton threads over 115 miles to 
the pound ; in England they have since been spun 167 miles long from a 
single pound. Baines, page 59. Niles' Keg. page 181, March 24, 1821. One 
pound of cotton spun into No. 100 yarn, extends about 8-1,000 yds. in length. 
Smithers's His. of Liv. page 127. The yarn spun yearly in England would 
reach round the globe 203,775 times or over 600 times each day. Baines, 
page 431. 

They use flour for sizing, &c. in cotton manufactures, 42-V pounds to each 
spindle per annum, or four pounds weekly to each loom. In tins country but 
one pound weekly to each loom. McGui'loch, -448,- as to report of 1832. 
But at Lowell, 3,800 barrels to 4,197 looms yearly, or near lour pounds 
each per week. In England three tune-; as many spindles and factories 
are moved by steam as by water. Edin. Rev. page 472 (1835). In the 
United States not one in a hundred factories is moved by steam. The 
power. to move ail the cotton mills in Eng .. : . quals thai of 44,000 horses, 
of which only 11,000 is by the water wheel. iaines, 395: In 1821, the 
whole power was estimated at only 10,572 horses. Sup. to Encyclop. Brit. 
"Cotton." Each factory, of common size and employment, requires from 
60 to 80 horse power here, or about 11| horse power to 1,1 i. idles. 

[6J For the number of spindles in England, in 1789, see Smithers's 
History of Liverpool, page 124. For 1812, Edinburgh Encyclop. arti- 
cle "Cotton;" for 1817, Edinburgh Rev. (1827).; for' the rest', in 1811 
and in 1824, Sup. to Cyclop. Brit. "Cotton;" and urn others, Barnes's Hist. 
368, and McCulloch, 441, &c. dee, The abo'\ e numbers include Scotland. 
The first cotton mill built in Ireland, was in '11 , London Cyclop, article 
" Cotton," and Sup. to Encyclop. Brittan. - 'otton.' 1 In 182 ':.' h 'land had 
145,000 spindles. Sup. to Encyclop. Brittan. " Cotton." 

[7\ For 1812, in France, see Quart. Rev. page 397, (4 1,24 '5,) and 
French Industry, by Chaptal, page 15, who says' they then spun only 
about 30 millions of pounds; this was a large number for I le c ■ iun, 

as the spindles were poor and imperfect. For I ;32,.see Nic'ho. K >e Mnfs 
evidence before the Chamber of Peers; that is from fl le minion 

too high, as grounded on an English estimate, which was too large, too 
many for the quantity of cotton spun; > ! L45, 




iptai's Industry ot v ranee, p< 
chiefly made from thread or yarn imported : oth England, Switzerland, 
and the Levant. There were largemumbers cotton pocket handker- 
chiefs made at Ilouen, Montpelier, &c. curly as 1789. 2 ChaptaFs Indus- 
try of France, page 4. 

'France had, m 1818, 70,000 looms v cloth, and 10,500 for spimng 
hosiery. % Chaptal -on French Industry, 1 pa nates on 

all these subjects are considered high. In 1306, her looms for cloth in 
twenty-two departments are stated at only 28,634. London Cyclop, art. 
"Cotton,"' In 1806. the estimate, a:, to the number of spin . 3 from the 



56 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



London Cyclop, art. '■■ Cotton;" it is increased a little, for the rest of France 
not included in the above article,. and is about one spindle to 25 pounds of 
raw cotton spun that year, which is a fair proportion, when the goods made 
are fine, and the machinery is not of, the best quality. See note above, 
and supplement to Encyclop. . Brit, art. -Cotton/' Power looms are not 
.nuch used yet in France, West Rev. Ap. '33. 

[S] Some spindles and looms moved by machinery have heen introduced 
into India ; but most of the cotton manufactured there is by women and 
in households : the men, who aid in weaving, are also often laborers on the 

il 'iq??° J w ! tlle Wmnjitte on the affairs of the East Mia Com. A P p. 
310, 1832 Wade on JVhdd. Classes, page 57(3. Yarn is often imported 

19 °i n T 131 ^' 1 ' IS th ° rC Spi1D ' S0 nmch chea i ,er ], V machinery. Smithers, 

+ » t° U Xu- X ° ny ' Rllss,! b &c - Supplement to Cy eloped, firit "Cot-' 

w ; - 1( Chma ' ll ls , sa *&, cotton mills with spin"dles,&c. have been 

oioidden. Iri Egypt they have been introduced, but do not succeed 

nf 1- m° n m i l iy T? ° f ? e ' a}r ' itS im P" ritie9 by fine sand, and want 
of .skill; (Hod|de D) ) but they are still used by the Government. In 

to£' '^^waT 3 ' 7 °§ ^° rk Sh ° pS { ° r COttOU 0r sm ? l] nia.mtac- 
tories and 1,494 looms 1 Diet, of Com. G5. 3 do. 198, large*. In 

cZT, kn e „ ^ ^ Wlth machll ^T- **< built in 1798: London 
cyclop, art. "Cotton," where is some notice of a few spindles m other parts 

RnVurS ™ : ? l T n \? ussi % Prussia > &c - ^ in Sup. to Encyclop. 
Brit ."Cotton; And in West. Rev. for App. 1833. The number in the 
table is from Sup. to Encyclop. Brit. « Cotton/' 

[9] The number of spindles in the United Statesman be computed from 

MrCnlft I g ZT ?? t!: ° Se !)ef ° re 1S35 ' see Pitk - Stat! 526, and 

McCull6ch page 448, and Reuss: Am. Tr. 270. Those for 1809 and 1810, 
the last too high m his table-^see Gallatin's Report for the number in 1807 
and Ibll Ihose at some other dates are from manuscript. Gales and 
Seatons Documents, 2 Finance, page 432. Those for 1814, are from 
Cox a tables. Ditto pap 691, and Seybert Statistics, page 7, and were re" 

So m rch I : 823. Those for 1835, are estimated bv me on fonuer' dan, 

• ^ \ ?u X m hlS l ;ibleS returns 2m m WH !;ut too many, if over one- 
eighth ofthemwere or cotton Very few sp ndles were ■* each of tfSse 
built before 1807 and -8. The spindles in 1830, are irom the Mnufac 
turers' convention and only 12 States, but included most of the manufac- 
tories Those tad 33 506 boms, to about 1| million of spinriies or near 
1 to 40. At Lovvell, 1, spin dles exist* to 4,197 looms, or 1 to 32 

This is near one-thirteenth of ,11 the spindles in the United States. Lowell 
Statistics, 1836. The first miUrbdill there was in 1822, and iri 1826, only 

snould 1 ^ 1 I fr B T S l f ** t0 CarCy - Ah0Ut 7Sm S P M <* * ** 
should be added here to make cotton cloth sufficient to meet the demand 

of the present annual addition to our population. The spindles have in- 
creased somewhat faster than that ratio the last five years, and have increased 
beyond the exports of cotton goods. Of the number of 'spindles here at d f- 
feient periods in factories, those in 1790 or 1791, were in one mill at Provi- 
dence, erected by Slater and Brown ; those in 1805 were mostlv. if not aim 

be^nnM V ' T^ 'T * f aSsa * us ^ ^ only 8 or 10 mills. One was 
begun at New Ipswich, in New Hampshire, as early as 1803. it is believed 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 57 

and one or two in Massachusetts, and one in Connecticut before 1808, 
one near Philadelphia before 1798, making in" all, at that time, 15 mills. 
Of the spindles Sn JS15, about 118,000 were in the same State. Galla- 
tin's Rep. 1810; New Hampshire Gazetteer, article "New Ipswich." The 
Waltham factory in Massachusetts was not erected till 1810 or 1814, 
and has since devoted much capital to making machinery. There was 
a great increase in 1806 and '7; again during the war of 1812; again 
from 1820 to 1825; and in 1831 and '2. If prices continue high as 
the past year, and the raw material falls, oris stationary, the new markets 
in Asia, and increased demands in Europe and America, by increased use 
of cotton, and increased population, will enlarge the number of factories 
here ; but il y ea$yi with our extensive "water power, and cotton lands, 

to overstock the market. 

It seems that two machines for spinning and carding were, with much 
difficulty, obtained in this country, at, Philadelphia, early as 1788. One 
carded 40 pounds of cotton a day, and the other had 50 spindles, and the 
growth of cotton was urged on the southern States, and Lee use of these 
machines in families recommended. In 3 Carey's Museum see the descrip- 
tion more at large. In 5 I !arey's Mi sunn. (A. D. 1700.) it is said, a .model 
of a cotton mill and machinery, &c. as used in England, had been obtained 
at Phib, ..*. by the society for promoting manufactures and useful arts. 

It would seem that T. Cox, Esq. took an active part in urging the cultiva- 
tion and manufacture of cotton on the country early as 1787. Rees's Cy- 
clop, art. "Uni fates," and (sales and Seaton's Doe. page 076, vol. 2, of 
Finance. The English prohibited the export of the cotton machinery, as 
well as i aigration of their mechanics, under such penalties as delayed 
the introduction Of it here, and caused the price of machinery for many 
years to be so high here as to retard, and almost defeat successful competi- 
tion. See 

[10] For a detailed account of the different kinds of machinery used 
m the cotton manufactories, the inventors of them, improvements in them, 
tfcc See London Cyclop, art. " Cotton," and same article in the New 
Edinb. En cyclop, and supplement to Encyclop. Brit. "Cotton." 

[11] The -ears in some places in England, from the hand 

to the power foom. bias caused some distress, and the employ. of a 

larger portion of females and children ; now about one-fifth there nen, 

one-thi] 'ncn. and the. rest children. Wades' Hist, of the filing 1 

Classes, i ■ : 570 and 1 '!. The number of hand looms in England, in 
1820 and ' was about the same, viz: 240,000, but that of power looms 

had increased from 14,000 to 55,000. Each of the latter performs as much 
as three of the former. Wade, 261. Parliamentary papers, in 1830. In 
1834 the power looms had become 100,000. Baines, 237. 

[12] The American throstle spindle revolved 7.500 times before 1833, 
though it used to run in England only 4,500, and afterwards only 5,400. 
West. Rev. for April. 1833. page 403. Machinery and skill, and the raw 
material have so, improved, that where some years ago the threads broke at 
the rate of 13 per cent., they break now only 3 per cent. Do. Many 
modern improvements in machinery in England are from America. West. 
Rev. An. 1833. 



58 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



M. 
COTTON, MANUFACTURES OF. 





Values of exports of their own, from — 








England. 


France. 


Germany. 


Spain. 


Turkey and 


India. 


IT. Slates. 


China. 






* 






Africa. 








1 

Year; 


Dollars. 


Dollar. 1 ;. 


Dollars. 


Dolls. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 




Million 


lions. 


Millions. 


Mil'ns. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 




Offi. Valii 




i 












17S9 


6 












| 




1790 


8 
















1791 


9 
















1792 


91 
















1793 


8* 
















1794 


11| 
















1795 


11! 
















1796 


15 J 
















1797 


17 
















1798 


17 
















1799 


28 
















1800 




-* 














1 . ., 


33 
















1803 


37 










20 






16u3 


34 




_ 


5 






, 




L804 


41 
















1805 


45 
















1806 


50 


_ 












4 


1807 


48 


















01 
















1809' 


.92 
















1810 


90 
















1811 


68 
















1812 


78 










\ 






tei3 


"Real 

or dec. 
value, 






• — 


_ 


18 




• 


1814 


81 95 
















1815 


106 98 
















1816 


86 74 
















1817 


101 76 
















1818 


98 89| 
















1819 


8 -:i 70 
















1820 


1071 79 














3 


1821 


113 77 
















1822 


! ' 82 


















137 
















L824 




6£ 














1825 


135 
















1827 


119 71i ! 
157 83A 1 


- 


- 


- 


- 


■ 


10 

1 i 


I! 


1828 


159i 81 












1 

l_i 




1820 
1830 


197 

188 81 


•1| 
10 


- 


- 


_ i 


- 


1 

It 

1 - 




1831 


208 83 


101 


.» 








t 1 


- 


1832 


209. 83j 


10i 










1 1 

1 3 




1833 


222 88| 


11 


• 








1 ° ! 

2* 1 




1834 


98* 


10 . 






_ 


: 


2-? I 






(83) 






i 




fl o 




1835 


88* 














[8] [9] 


PI 


[2] [3]" 


[4] 1 


m I 


[5] [10] 


[6] 


['] 1 


[11] 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 59 

[1] The exports of English manufactures in 1833 and 4, were about 
one-third in value in yarn. See Edinburgh Review, 472, (1S35) Baines's 
and Official Reports. See table K. note on capital. Some years yarn con- 
stitutes one-half in weight. 

From 1814 to 1823 inclusive, the value of yarn exported compared with 
the value of other cotton goods increased slowly, from being about one- 
seventh and one-sixth, to be about one-fifth. London Cyclopedia, article 
" Cotton." The proportional increase of yarn has been even greater since. 
See Parker's speech in Parliament, February, 1836. The yarn exported 
is understood to be generally coarse ; between No. 18 and 40. From 
half to three-quarters of tbe lace made is exported chiefly to the continent. 
It is mostly made of sea-island cotton, and equals near 9 millions of dollars 
in value yearly, McCulloch, page 744. 

[2] The difference between the official value on exportation., and the 
declared value is given above. But the declared, or what is sonletimes called 
the real value, in the 2d column is still usually from 2\ to 5 per cent, under 
the actual market value. (Baincs, page 403.) The official value is founded 
on the quantity, computing the price as it was about the close of the 17th 
century, or A. D. 1689, The market value has changed more from the 
official in some arti cles than in others, e. g. 

In 1829. calicoes plain per yard 

<■<■ a u a a _ 

" calicoes printed per yard 
1 « (i a ' a 

" cotton yarn and twist per cwt - £10 

u u " u it a J 

(Baines, page 351.) See more on prices of manufactures, tab note 1. 

The sum entered for 1835, is only for the year ending 5th Jan. 1835, 
and not any subsequent; and the second sum for 1831, is lor the year 1834 
only to 5th Jan. while the first sum for 1834, is probably for the whole 
fiscal year. Some discrepancies occasionally arise by the statements being 
made with different terminations for the year, as some end in April, and 
some in January, &c. See returns. 

[3] The exports of cotton manufactures from England are now, and for 
some years have been, nearly equal to one half of her exports of every 
kind. The above sums for England are from Baines, page 350. The re- 
cords for 1813 and before that, for the declared value were burned. Those 
sums do not include Ireland, amounting from one-tenth to three-tenths of 
a, million yearly. Aikin says 63 per cent, of what is made in England is 
exported, and Edinburgh Review, page 472, says, in 1833, that the exports 
from England were about ISA million pounds sterling, and consumption 
about twelve and one-tenth million sterling. See for 1831,-2 and 3, 
McCulloch, 675. 



Is. 


3d. 


Official. 





6 


real. 


1 


6 


official 





81 


real. 








icial 


5 





real. 



l J 



[4] The exports from ^France in 1823 and 4, are from 2 Dictionary of 
Spanish Commerce, page 148. In 1829, from Edinburg Review, page 62, 
(1829.) In 1833, from. Baines 525, note, and in 1831 arid 2J fforn the 
French tables of commerce, with a slight addition or variation, it is be- 
lieved, in some cases in the value of the franc. In 1830 from Westmin- 
ster Review, April, 1833, and Wade on Working Classes, 575, and that 7 
millions were printed goods. 



60 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



[o] Those from Spam in 1S03, were chiefly from her possessions in 
India and America. Dictionary of Spanish Commerce. Spain of late 
n"! P °™ gdy ° f COtt0a manufact " r es. See "table O, note 1, and table N. 
Ihe Moors introduced this manufacture into Spain, early as the 9th or 10th 
centuries. Baines, page 38. 

[6] Those from India are estimates, and might be extended, from the fol- 
lowing data. Her islands and she have lono- had a domestic trade in cotton 
goods. 3 Crawford's Hist, of Ind. Archipr350. It then spread to other 
parts of Asia, to the eastern (Toast of Afrjca, and next to Europe. 

India in 1813, exported to England alone 10 millions of dollars worth 
of her cotton goods, and now imports as much from England. Mont°-o- 
mery s Anglo. East, Emp. But she still exports certain lands to Eno-land 
vakied_in 1831, at about 2 millions of dollars : in 1832, at ij millions' and 
in 18oo,at 1 million. Some of these are reexported. McCulloch pao- e 672 
and 676; Evid. on East Ind. Comp page 310, App. In 1802, 3, and 4; the 
United States imported cotton goods of India origin, wort,h nearly 3 million 
clot Jars per year. Seyb. page 218. Hence the exports of cotton manu- 
tac ures from India formerly were large. But they have fallen off greatly, 
and especially since 1816, to the United States. Pit'k. Stat. 188 and 9. She 
often exports raw cotton of late years, instead of cotton manufactures. 
bupplement to bncyclop. Brift. « Cotton/' See Seyb. Stat, page 289. on our 
whole imports thence in 1811, and chiefly cottons. See above. 

m Those exports from the United States are from official tables They 
doubtless would have increased much more rapidly, had the demand for 
tliem at home not been so great, by means of their good quality, cheapness 
and our increasing population. 

[8] The whole exports of cotton goods from China to Eno-land and her 
dependencies in 1832, were valued at about | million of dollars. McCul- 
loch, 237, article « Cotton/' and page 240, where is given the pieces of nan- 
keens so exported from 1793 to 1831, which alone at 50 cents each would 
range from M to ^.million of dollars yearly. In page 813. he thinks 
the exports of nankeens have been on the increase to different quarters 

From. China the exports of cotton goods consist chiefly of chintzes and 
nankeen and the amounts in the table are estimates. The former have 
greatly diminished of late years. Supplement to Encyclop. Britt. "Cotton* 
She imports now both English and American cotton goods. (See exports 
of them. Tables N, and O. . *-- ' * 

In 1802, 3, and 4, the United States alone, it is estimated, imported 
Chinese cotton goods valued from 1 million of dollars to U million 
yearly. See official returns of all articles imported from China, Gales and 
Seatons Doc. page 599 in 1 vol. on Com. and Nav. Formerly the United 
States. imported largely of nankeens, so as some years to export < mil- 
lion of dollars of them as in A. D. 1792, Gales and Seaton's Doc. page 

I? V ?o-„' i ° m ' f nd Nav - But 0lir official returrls since as well as 
i Co" 6 :l ' 'J ?, n °i cllscriminate the cotton goods imported. From 1818 to 

It n i \ I °S, ? om about l million ta i million. Pitk. Stat. 305, 
McCulloch, page 242. ' 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 61 

[9] The exports of cotton goods from Germany are chiefly by kind and 
not extensive. This trade conltl not have existed at all formerly, and the 
estimates are too uncertain for much reliance. 

In and near Vienna are established considerable cotton manufactures bv 
machinery. Supplement to Ency. Britt. - Cotton.'- According to McOui- 
loch Diet, page 448, the. cotton exports from Austria are chiefly in yarn. 
They are on the increase. See Wade on Working Classes, page 576. 

[10] From Turkey, including the products of Smyrna and the neigh- 
borhood as well as Barbary and Morocco, there have been frequently ex- 
ported in former years, various articles of cotton manufacture ; but not of 
great value as a whole. This manufacture was introduced into Turkey 
in Europe in the 14th century by the Turks. Some cotton cloth was im- 
ported from the coast of Africa to England about the close of the 16th 
century. The growth and manufacture of cotton were diffused much by 
the Mahometan conquests. 2 MePherson's Com. 193 ; Baines 32. 

[11] The barrenness of this table is another illustration of the small 
extent in the foreign trade of cotton goods except by England, France and 
the United States. It presents also a singular illustration of the recent 
date of their progress in it, and of the difficulty in knowing. much of the 
ancient or older business of India and China in this branch of their trade, 
with such accuracy as to deserve reliance: though more leisure might 
probably have enabled me to present some more statistical facts on that 
subject, than I have yet met with. See the diffusion of this manufacture 
by the Mahometans from Arabia <fcc. note (10) in this table, and (5). 

In 1825, the Dutch exports and imports at Japan,. are g^ven (McOui- 
loch, page 812,) and the former as' well as the hitter contained a few cotton 
goods, from 5 to $8,000 in value. 



62 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 

N. 
COTTON— MANUFACTURES OF. 





Exports of their own— to what places 


—values of. 








as 

o 
13 
3 

% 

a 

m 

Dollars. 


5 
■~ 

En 

b 

a 
W 


3 
£ 

H 

© 

o 

-3 
3 

3b 

a 
W 


w 

T3 
J 

-*— > 

1 
W 


a 

o 

•5 

a 
i — i 

o 
a 

c3 

To 
a 
H 


r3 
C 

03 — ; 

w "1 

'£ 2 

3 -a 

© 3 

-o o 
a o 

OJD <L> 


a 
'3 

Ph 
W 

o 

m 
y 

y 

y> 

a 
o 

3 


.2 
a 

o 

(0 

y 

y 
a 

"3, 
o 


N 

•-< 

pa 

o 

a 

"So 

a 
H 


1 


Dollars. 

Millions. 
1 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dol's 

Mill's 


• Dollars. 


Dol's. 


1789 


Millions. 


Millions 


.'Millions 


Millions 


Millions 


Millions 


Mil's. 


1790 





4 
















1791 




'I 
















1792 


— 


i 
















1793 




4r 




. 












1794 




















1795 














« 






179G 




















1797 




















1798 




















1799 




















1800 




















1801 




















1802 






1 














1803 

1804 


— 


- 


- , 


_ 1 


i 


~ 


20 






1805 
1806 


Real 
Offi. or dec. 

17 21 


















1807 


17 21 


















1808 


11 14 


















1809 




















1810 




















1811 




















1812 
1813 


— 


i t0 i 
















1814 







• 




1 










1815 











* 










1816 


. 








f 










1817 

1818 
1819 


— 


- 




/ 


2 

3) 

2i 











[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



63 



N. — Continued. 
COTTON— MANUFACTURES OF 





Exports of their ewn 


— to what 


places — values of. 












■A ' 






e 


.5 






a 






-e 


^ 


od " 


cS 


$ 






02 




>, 

1 

£ 


d 

~C 
<u 
,d 


O 




CO 







• r-i 




"2 


ci 


s-. 


<D 


-3 


<1 Qh 







J-i 




D 


fa 


O 


£ 


d 

1— 1 


c» a 





03 


PQ 




o 


o 


o 


o 





O m 


P. 


p* 




<— > 




"w 


nd 


►ti 


tc3 


Id 


^ 


S: 


ITi 


T3 




P. 




d 
3 


s 


<— 

c5 


§;.§ 


c 


O 


CJ 




3b 


be 


bo 


bo 


be 


'So 3 


ri 


C3 


bo 




d 


d 


d 


W | 


d 


w^ 


!> 


> 


w 


s- 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 

Millions. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dol's. 


Dollars. 


Dol's. 




Millions. 




Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Mil's. 


Millions. 


Mil's. 




Real 




















Oiii. or dec. 


Whole .sum. 
















1820 


— 


8.700 


20 


5 


4 


- 


- 


4- 3 - 
^ 1 




1S21 


6- B - 

" I 


> 8,500 


18 


5 


H 










1822 


Q 2 


18,000 


19 


51 


54 










1823 


7 


22,000 


141 


7 


6 










1824 


7- fi - 

10 


55,000 


13^ 


<Ht 


£3 

°4 


— 


— 


2- 7 - 
1 




1825 


11 


57,000 


151 


7 


54 










1826 


64 


119,000 


14 


6 


5* 
?4 










1827 


8 


122,000 


14| 


6* 


H 








1828 


83- 


110,000 


13f 


6| 


- 


4 








1820 


<>.'= 


122.000 


144 


6£ 


- 


H 








1830 


( Vo 


'50,000 


14 


6 


— 


»i 








1831 


13 


240,000 


11* 


.64 


n 


nl'tl 


- 


— 


3£ 


1832 
1833 


Mr 

[or 8AJ 


318,000 

450,000 


15| 

144 


9/, 


8 


64 
64 


- 


6 
64 


s 


1834 


730,000 


15| 


10 


74 


s 





G 


u- 


1835 






















1 


[10] 


M 


[9] 


[2] 


[5] 




L°J 


[?J 


[9] 



I'll This table shows chiefly the exports of cotton goods from England 
to different places, and from 1820 to 1833 the values are mostly taken from 
official document. ' orter's tables, 161-7, page 300. The statements in 
different books sometimes differ from referring to different terminations of 
the year. 

121 Since 1832 Belgium has taken, in that year and 1833, about 14 mil- 
lions of the amount of what is placed to the whole Netherlands irom En- 
o-land lii 1834, it is said by Alexander, she imported ot cotton goods, 
from all places, about 2-J roiUJums of dollars, and smuggled twice as much 
more, that did not appear on t'-o, official returns. 



64 [ Doc. No. 146 ] 

[3] The exact consumption of manufactured cotton goods in each coun- 
try is seldom attainable. But an approximation to the quantity or value 
can be easily made from the data given in the tables. Thus the quantity 
of cotton manufactured in each and not exported, will, with the imports of 
cotton manufactures not afterwards re-exported, constitute nearly the true 
amount. 

Another general mode of computation might be, that in such countries 
as Turkey, it has been estimated that only two pounds of raw cotton per 
head, made into manufactures, is consumed. (Urquhart's Views, page 150.) 
In warmer, and still poorer countries it would be less. In France, each 
person is estimated to consume $4 worth of cotton goods per year; in 
England, $5 ; and here probably $6. 

The exports to Germany and Netherlands are from one-third to one-half 
in twist and yarn, and are woven there. Porter's tables, page 300, and 
Baines, 416. So in a great proportion to Russia. Sup. to Eneyciop. Brit. 
"Cotton;" and some even to India. See table O. So t'hitiiy to Prussia. 
Blackwood's Magazine, lor January, 1S36. 

[4] The exports to France from 1789 to 1793 are computed at 5 millions 
of dollars yearly, in Q.uar. Review. 394-9 (1824-5). See official 'returns 
for the table, and McCullocli, page 044. But it must include all smuggled, 
and is then not too high. It equals the whole amount oi all the regular 
imports of cotton goods into France at that time from all quarters. 2 Chap- 
tal's Industry of France, page 9. The sums in the table for 17"89, &c. are 
from Bowring's Report, page 52, who says that '10 millions of dollars 
worth of English manufactures, and chiefly cotton, are of late years smug- 
gled from England to France. See also Baines. 517, note. The whole 
imports of such goods into France in 1823 were 9 millions of dollars; in 
1824, 12 millions of dollars. In 1806, about 14^ millions of dollars worth 
were smuggled. Sup. to Eneyciop. Brit. "Cotton/' See 2 Dictionary of 
Spanish Commerce, page 214. In 1812 all the legal imports of cotton 
goods into France were less than a third of a million of dollars. 2 Chaptal, 
page 9. Of those smuggled, in late years, quite 2 millions of dollars worth 
were in bobbinet laces. McCulloch, 1051. 

[5] The exports to India include the islands, and for 1831 and 1832 are' 
from McCulloch, page 446, and the others mostly from official tables. See 
more in McCulloch, 235, as to that part by the East India Company. The 
trade in cotton manufactures has increased greatly since the first opening 
of it in 1814. Do. 533-4, and 539, another table. 

[6] These exports to Spain were chiefly from England, France and 
Italy, and some from Spanish America. (Dictionary of Spanish Commerce.) 
Those direct to Spain from England, in 1833 and 1834, were only about 
_L million of dollars. But England exported to Gibraltar, in those years, 
from 1 to H millions of dollars in cotton goods, (see official tables) and 
which found their way in part into Spain. McCulloch, Die. page 600. 
The sum for 1834 is a computation only on the above data, and the fact that 
France exports therefrom 2 to 2£ millions of dollars yearly. See table O, 
note [1]. 

[7] The imports into Russia in 1832 were almost wholly from England. 
Porter's tables, 545; Baines, 416* In 1833, from England, 6 millions of 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



65 



dollars; and in 1834 only oh millions of dollars. Some of them go to 



places in the Black Sea, &c. 
cotton cloths,i but not yarn 
page 62 



On others her tariff is high. 



McCulloch, 859. Russia excludes certain 
Blackwood's Magazine, for February, 1836, 



2 Smith's Com. 



Dig. 



[8] Exports to Brazil, &c. See McCulloch, 446; Baines, 416; and Offi- 
cial Reports for 1834 and 1835. 

[9] England exports largely cotton goods also to Italy and Italian islands : 
in 1833, 7 millions of dollars; and in 1834, 10 millions of dollars. See 
more in McCulloch, page 814, and page 1212, some to Venice, now T '^ of a 
million. 

The ratio of this kind of exports from England, in 1834, was as follows: 
1. Germany; 2. Italy ; 3. United States ; 4. India and China; 5. Holland; 
6. Brazil; 7. Russia; 8. Turkey and Greece, in 1833 and 1834, over 4 
millions of dollars each year; 9. Portugal and islands, in some years 3 to 
4^ millions of dollars; 10. British West Indies ditto, 3 to 3f millions of 
dollars ; 11. Chili alone 2^ to 3 millions of dollars; 12. States of Rio de 
la Plata alone 1^ to 2\ millions of dollars. See official returns, and Baines, 
416. Those for Germany go largely to Trieste. McCulloch, 1186. 

The whole exports to Germany in 1833, were estimated to be so divided 
that from 10 to 11 millions of dollars were in cloths and laces, and the re- 
mainder in yarn, being 35 millions of pounds. Beside Trieste, part of 
these exports pass through the Hanse towns, and others through Rotterdam 
and Antwerp. Blackwood's Magazine, for January, 1836. 

[10] Those exports to the United States are obtained chiefly from our 
own official returns of imports,, though some, and especially the earliest 
are from Enjrlish tables. 



66 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



O. 
COTTON, MANUFACTURES OF. 







Exports of their o^vn, to wh'a 


places, valu 


es of, 






2 x 

o 


o . 
"■* -a 

c — 


i 

V". 

o 
- - 

^5 


'J « 


s g.§ 

sis 

CU . '— 


^< 

_ <£> 

0) t: 

[3* 




00 

- 
02 .5 


o 
-'- "J 

i O) 

P5 


If'. 


Dollars. 
Millions. 


Dollars. 
Millions. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 




Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 






1/8/ 


i 

1 
















h 89 


















17 9!i 


















179.1 


















1792 


















1793 


















L794 


















1795 


















1796 


















1797 


















1798 


















1799 


















1800 


















1801 


















1802 


















1803 


















1804 


















1805 


















1806 


















1807 


















1808 


















1809 


















1810 














'- 




1811 


















1812 


















1813 


















1814 


















1815 


















1816 












N 






1817 


















1818 


















181'.) 


















1820 


















1821 

1822 
1823 


i 

l 

T 
l 
■? 


- 




l 

2 
1 

3 











[ Doc. No. 146. ] 

? — Continued. 

COTTON, MANUFACTURES OF, 



67 



1 




Exports of their o\v 


ij to what 


places, valu 


53 Of, 








I 




OJ 1 


Z ^ 


i-' CJ 


O 


O r. 




France to the 
United States. 


a> 3 


O i— t 

§6 

rv, f-i 

O 


ri 
ri, xs 

ri o 

S s 


United Slates t 
So. Americ 
and Mexico 


^< 

S.ri 

,- ci 
i— 1 "~ l 


ri ci 

"so 


■/. — 

c- 5 

C 1— 1 

_ o 

• P-S 












Dollars. 


Dollars. 




ri 

> 


Dollars. 
Millions. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 




Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 


Millions. 








1824 


l 


j - 


- 


i 

1 ■< 

4 




Whole 


sum 


tated. 


1825 


l. 






1 
l 





10,000 


14,000 


99,000 


1826 


«> 






:! 


1 

9 


13,000 


9.000 


66.000 


1827 


o 






1 ii 
1 


1 o 
8 


22,000 


14,900 


46,000 


1828 


1 






-if 

4 


l n 
1 B 


37,000 


26,000 


49,000 


1829 


1. 


~~ 




1 9 
J 


1 1 
1 


75.000 


56,000 


47,oi hi 


1830 


'2 

"3 


* — 






') 


66.000 


49,000 


41.000 


1831 


1 i- 


2*0 




To 
1 


1 » 

;1 


83,000 


8S,000 


53,000 


1832 


Mr 


| T y o 


1 to 3 


1 


To 

1 " 


120,000 


215,000 


86,000 


1833 

1834 


It'.t 


— 


6 

:i 
1 


1 1 

ItV 


186,000 


152,000 


127,000 


1835 
F41 






[11 




[2] 






• [3] 


L*J 


J 















m Over half of >he export, o^F = m ^-«™ SltoS 
S r K t^aT^a^ lb,U ^.WOOU of them pc, ye„r 
°o' n'uLd and Bel S ,um, one-Half million .to Germany , wo a,Kl a Mf™ 
Uon ,o Spain and %$%»£$£% *£ of^Sito '.o" Holland 

smuggled. 

rai Those exports from the United States are compil 
tables, as far as they go back, diserirninatmg to what r 
the United Slates, from France and Germany, are 
returns. 

[31 Tariff or duty on cotton ttumufadtr 
manufactnres to any particular country are 
duty imposed on their importation. A 



68 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

those countries, in respect to cotton goods, would be tedious, and might 
be supposed to bear on the question of protection, &c. in the United States, 
and which question, it is not proposed in these tables or notes, to agitate. 

It may be added, that the average duty imposed in France, at this time, 
on the imports of most cotton goods, is very high, amounting almost to a 
prohibition, except for re-export. So in Russia. Blackwood's Magazine, 
for January, 183G. In England, it is considered to be about 20 per cent, 
though low as 10 on some articles. Before 1826, it was much higher, 50 
and 67 per cent. See 1 Com. Digest, by Smith, page 98, and Huskisson's 
speeches, in 1825, in Parliamentary Debates. McCulloch, page 1117. In 
the United States, the duty in 1790, was about 7^ per cent, on the value of 
most cotton goods ; in 1794, raised to 12| per cent.; in 1816, to 25 per cent, 
and a minimum ; in 1824, the same with a certain minimum valuation, 
making the duty larger ; in 1S2S, increased still more by raising the mini- 
mum ; in 1832, reduced again. See the different acts of Congress on the 
tariff, and Pitk. Stat, page 188. 

This makes the average duty in 1833, on most cotton cloths, and as com- 
puted by some, about 42 per cent and thus exposes it to a biennal reduc- 
tion till 1842, when, by the existing laws, it will become only 20 per cent. 
Campbell on Tariff, page 120. The duty on British cotton manufactures has 
lately been increased in Java, by the Dutch, from 6 per cent to 25 per cent. 
Blackwood's Magazine, January 1836, page 51. 

[4] More could lx? given on the exports of cotton manufactures 
from a few of the above countries at other periods, but the amount 
and value of them were so small as to deserve very little notice, and the 
increases of late years, compared with their meagre and blank condition, 
in this respect, a quarter and a third of a century ago, are striking indica- 
tions of the revolution going on in Europe and the United States in the 
manufacture of cotton. 



70 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 



P. 

COTTON. 

Dates of the most important changes in the cultivation, manufacture, and 
trade of cotton, chiefly within the period to which these tables generally 
extend. 



[1] 

1730 

1735 
[2] 

[6] 



1742 

1750 

175G 
[3] 

m 

1701 



17G3 

1767 

1768 
]7?-<i 

1774 

[7] 
1779 

1781 

[5] 

1782 



1783 

1785 



L7bd 

1 767 

1789 



1790 

[8] 

1791 
1792 
1793 

1794 
1795 
179G 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1S01 
1802 



First cotton yarn spun in England by machinery, by Mr. Wyatt. Smiihers, 153. 
Cotton first grown in Surinam by the Dutch, or perhaps first exported thence. 

A patent first taken out by Lev is Fan! for an improved method in carding, and the 
iiy shuttle invented by John Kay. Slock cards were first used for cotton by J. Har- 
grave in 17G0, and cylinder cards were not invented till 1762, and were first used by 
Robert Peel. Carding not brought to perfection till 1775. Baines, 170. 

First mill for spinning cotton built at Birmingham; moved by mules or horses; but 
not successful. 

The fly shuttle was brought into general use in England in weaving, though some 
;. | me the date to 1700. Baines, 116. 

Cotton velvets and quiltings first made in England. 

C Arkwright obtained his first patent for the spinning frame, though he made further 

) improvements in 176 . i- ■ .-1784. Baines says his fi] in 1769. 

( So does Wade, an I a • :cond patent was in 1771. 

( Two - ei after, Thomas Highs claims to have invented the spinning jenny, which J. 

1 Hargrave claims also in 1767. Smithers and McCulloch, 430. Edinb. Encyelop. 

f art. "Cot : ; ;' : or, according to Baines, in 17G4. 

The-. - !■ frame applied to make lace by Hammi 

The fee . ed by Lees, and the crank and combs by Hargrave. 

I pa sd 1 i prevent the export ofmachinery used in cotton 'factories. Smithers, 155. 
. .;.«: still in force, though not strictly executed. Blackwood's Mag. for Jan. 1836. 
.Mr nventedb Hargrave, or rather perfected by Crompton. Baines, p. 199. 

First imports i t" irr.. cotton into England from Brazil; poorly prepared ^-and in three 
to nine years after, first from United States of their own growth; and from India 
and E i about 1785. See table F — note and Smithers, 156. 

Watttool p -' for the steam -en'gine, though in 1769 the first one;: 

and got intogi neral use to move maehineryin 1790. He begun i meats in 

of the Middling * lasses, page 82. 

A bounty granted in England on the i portofi rtaincol is. I McPhers. 42 and 56. 

Power ; ioms invented by Doct. Cartwright; though prevh as ><< thai some similar 

en patented or used. Baines, 228. Supplement 
■ Brit. art. "Cotton." Steam engines used in cotton factories. Baines, 226. 

C tvented by Bell. B: i 26' Arkwright's paten; expired, and 

a grea n ulse to n i - of cotton. 4 McPherson, 79 and 81. 

I" a performed b} r oxymuriatie acid by Bertholett. Baines, 184. 

tier put in operation in France, though some cotton was used 

767. En 107. 

planted in the United States; and upland cotton first cultivated 

for use and exporl i time, ot three or four years previous. Somi ay in 

1786. See table; I others in 1790* 

First cotton fi I Slates in Rhode Island. [8] Tv'r.ti ; ower first 



i to the mule | nnei by Kelly. 



Baine , 205. 



The cotton gin invented by E. Whitney, in the United Pta es. This is often stated to 
be in A. D. 1795; but the patent is dated in 1794, March 14. 

Sea island cotton chiefly substituted for Bon □ itton in Engla 

mill and machinery erected in Switzerland for cotton. 
Spinning machinery introduced into Saxony. Encyelop. Brit. 411. 

Power looms moved by water or steam succeed in Scotland. 

Dressing and warping machine for power looms invented by Radnliff and Jackson, and 
contributed much to their success. Blackwood's Mag. for Jan. 1836. An act passed in 
in England, requiring in cotton mills, as well as some others, certain clothes for ap- 
> rentices — not to work them more than 12 hours each day — and certain instructions 
in letters to be given to them, &c. Wade's History, page 98. 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 
P — Dates of most important changes, §*c. — Continued. 



71 



1803 

1804 
1805 
1806 

1807 

1808 
1809 
1810 

1811 

1812 
1813 

1814 
1815 
lHlfi 

1817 

1818 



1825 



1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 

1831 
1832 



1833 

1834 

1835 

[10] 



Fii cotton factory built iii Nei Kai pskire. S < table L, note [9]. Power loom, as 
I. perfected in England, and patented by Harrock. 

lice full] and-widely introduced into England after many failun 

i] ition in Spanish America begins to furnish new markets- for cotton manufac- 

S tnpin cy] ' 's for printing clot! y means of dies introduced at Manchester. 

i ■ tuch imp ! acott. 

I I on manufa ures in tl - y Mr. Gallatin, and another by T. 

Cox, Isq. and lie atten . Co theit s impot tance. 

A. pal tit for i bobbin ■<■-. machinery, by John Barn; thi i : : ■. i id by Mr. 

ich, 743. 

> le . >re free, and more British manufactures sent thei 

181 1. Mi : all :h : >38. 

■ ■: I lu lintotheUni I : e , at Waltham, in 1815, it is : 

\ ' lo 'Cotton." 

ids li ira a account of the minimum in the tariff of 181G. P 

te year the fi te ttr 

if preparing b Mr. Holt. Cotton avei 

I ■ • i h "■ the Uni since 1 

1 . .i ■ i ■ I < es. 

1 ijiedwitl ••■ ily to lace machinery. 

[ at Low ill. 
ixport of raw ittpn i i ! pi '■ lani 

t f o i cotton mamiJ 
p'ri le O, note [3]. 

. • ted in E iberts. Barnes, 207. Sa i ■ ■ 

. the tn : frame i h ■ ■ ! o Imei i. Cotton rose to 21 csrits per 

... ■ ■ i - .... 

Fi) .'. . an catton ina tufa . :. - any eonsideral : I . 

in the , United Sta fon tfo i manufactures. Table O, note [3J. 

[r. Dyer introduces a machi te fi mi the Uniti I St; es in 1 1 i a 
to make car . 

■ '. ufac ures imported into the United Stai Table O. n 

i . William 4. it was p in England, that, in cotton mills, ^ • 

on Saturdays. V\ . 113. 

!'■: er ... tf India rad tcrei thi ■ ket there for English and A 
c 

: . 1 : per pom -highei than any o her year since 18:3. 

of new .- States. 



[1] In cite 16th cenlury, cotton manufactures came to Europe from India, 
through the trad:: of Venice. Smithers, 118. 'Je says they were intro- 
duced i; una from India about 200 years earlier, (Smithers, page 152,) 
having e d in the latter country from the first knowledge of it. From 
Venice the trade in them, and th :n the manufacture, went to Flanders about 
1560. Tfr i dsted in Arabia in the 7th century. Found in America 
when d 'red, at the close of the 15th century. 

[2] In the 17th century, A. D. 1641, raw cotton came to Engl d 
from Cyprus and Smyrna, and was taken from London to Manchester to 
be worked up. Smithers, 119. Edin. Rev. (1827) page 2. Though cot- 
ton manufactures had been imported early as A. D. 1500 ; and the first act 
of Parliament relating to them, nominally, passed in A. D. 1565, though 



72 [ Doc. No. 146. J 

probably woollens were intended. Table A, note [121. Calicoes were im- 
ported before 1631. Smithers, page 152. Made in London. A. D. 1681 ; 
and those from India prohibited, 1721. Smithers, page 153. Baines, 79. 
Raw cotton, in 18th century, came chiefly from the French West Indies, 
Surinam, Brazil, and isle of Bourbon, till near its close, when the imports 
began from the United States, India, &c. Smithers, 123. In 1660, Eng- 
land prohibited her colonies from sending it to other than British ports or 
dependencies. 1 McPherson's Com. 486. 

[3] Muslins first made at Paisly, in Scotland, A. D. 1700 ; but they did 
not succeed well, nor cambrics, till 1725, in Glasgow. 

In 1759 French cambrics and lawns were prohibited by law. Smithers, 
154. 

[4] In 1769, Arkwrigbt built cotton mills at Nottingham, and 1780, at 
Cromford, &c. the first moved by horse, and the next by water power. He 
made new improvements, and took out new patents, and, in 1780, com- 
menced actions for violating his patents, in which he failed, (Smithers, 155,) 
though in some former trials on his first patent he succeeded. Supplement 
to Encyclop.. Brit. " Cotton." 

Populace began to destroy cotton machinery in Lancashire in 1779. 

The first spinning machines had only a few spindles, say 8 ; but after- 
wards increased to 80, (Do.) and sometimes to 120. McCulloclfs Diet. 
page 438. 

On machinery of other kinds, see in table, A. D. 173S. 

[5] The raw cotton of India, the Surats, and Bourbons, was first imported 
into England in 17S3. Before, that from Cayenne, Surinam, Demarara, 
St. Domingo, and Essequibo, was chiefly used. Smithers, 155. 

[6] But Wyatt's invention does not appear to have been well matured or 
much brought into use, though he and Paul took out a patent in 1738. 
Baines's Hist. McCulloch's Diet. 439— note. 

[7] It is a remarkable fact, that the cotton manufacture was so little 
known and appreciated in England when Adam Smith published his 
Wealth of Nations, (in A. D. 1776.) that the subject is believed not to be 
rdluded to by him in the slightest manner So, in 1794, it is believed Mr. 
Jay was not aware that cotton was or would be exported from the United 
States. Pitk. Stat, page 198. See table F, note 9, page 33. In Postleth- 
waite's Diet. " Cotton," 1766, he urged its cultivation in English plantations 
suited to it, and seemed to anticipate the increasing importance of its 
manufacture. 

[8] Mr. Gallatin states this to be, 1791, in his report on domestic manufac- 
tures, April 17, 1810. See Gales and Seaton's Doc's, v. 2, on Finance, p. 425. 

[9] Cloths were sent abroad to be bleached till 1750, and requiied 8 months, 
then reduced to 4 months, and, in 1784. Watt introduced the practice of 
bleaching with chlorine into England in a few hours. Baines's Hist. 246 and 7. 

[10] Many of the above dates and facts appear in the other tables and 
notes ; but they are collected here in chronological order, with some other 
material events, for the pjurpose of presenting, in one view or statement, 
the different periods in winch the chief progress from fifty to a hundred 
years past has been made in the growth, cultivation, and trade of cotton. 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 

a. 



73 



Extracts as to the subject of Cotton, from the Annual Treasury Report 

in December, 1835. 

« 1 From this it appears that our whole exports of every kind, in ^the last 
five vears including the estimates for 1835, have not exceeded those, 
toTsimlar term, from 1803 to 1S07, inclusive, but about forty mi - 
lion "and benicr a n excess no larger than at most intervening periods 
wh ie an exS ordinary increase ha/taken place in our exports of domes c 
OToducts exceeding in value, those during that term more than one hun- 
dred ami fifty rmU ions, and being quite doubled the excess at most inter- 
tening per^s. Indeed, it w/be seen that *W *™ ^ *£^ 
bnnd red ner cent larger than they were in any similar teim ot years pre 
"l P 8?6 ^Se exceeded y those during such a W*7 ™££ 
ao-o bvthe sum of about one hundred and fifteen millions, a dnierence 
heater than "he whole amount of all our exports of domestic products 
£ the first five years under our present form of government The 
recKrage rate oLncrease in these exports however has ^t been 
Wo-e independent of the article of cotton; nor is it likely to augment 
duriuo- the fow ensuing years. Adopting a comparison between every 
te n o g f en yeTrs "from 1*792, ^ and '94, to 1832 '33 and '34, and including 
111 ancles it appears that he whole exports of domestic produce exhibit 
an ™ m me last thirty years of less than three P-^-nmiahy - 
a rate considerably lower than that ol our population, though, in the pre 
vious term of ten years, by the great prosperity rom oui e w form ot 
government, and the rapid progress m the ; cultivation of c ^ ^™ f 
frease was near eight per cent.; and in the high price and laige exporte ot 
this article in the last term of ten years, it has been abou .five .per ■<**&. 
annually. But as that price has of late been unusually high, and is now 
Tower, and as the demand for cotton abroad m the e—gye^ 
likely to exceed, if it equal, the late customary ratio, and on which some 
interesting facts may be seen in the statement annexed, (L,) the value ot 
orwhX S cWstic exports (over one-half of which now consists of cotton) 
will probably be less in 1836 than m 1835. 

«2 It may be instructive, in respect to the estimates of our tutuie pro 
ceedsfrom lands, to recollect that, after the present systen ' co~ed, the 
sales never amounted, in fact, to one million of acres a yea it 11 IbU nor 
to two millions a year till the temptations of the credit system, and the 
greaTrise in the price of cotton to 26 and 34 cents per pound ^induced 
larger purchases, extending to over two millions ot acres m 1817, .and 
aoout £ millions m 1819f and thus, even fifteen years ago exceeding m 
quantity by nearly a million of acres, the large sales of 1834 and exceed 
L them in the sum promised to be paid, by the almost incredible amount 
of more than twelve millions of dollars. But the tall of cotton m 1820 
to only about half its former price, combined with other causes left the 
purchasers in debt to the Government over twenty-two mil lions of dollais 
and with the change from the credit to the cash system, reduced the sales 
again to much less than a million of acres a year caused near y six m - 
ions of the former sales to revert, and kept them down to less than a l mil 
lion in every year after, till the rise of cotton in 1825 gave a new impulse, 
which being aided by other powerful causes, the sales gradually enlarged 



74 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

till they reached a million again, in 1S29. Since that, increasing still more 
rapidly, they have exceeded, during 1834, four millions of acres, and 
during 1835, probably nine millions. Among those other causes, the more 
extensive introduction of steam power on the western rivers and northern 
lakes, with the public improvements in their navigation, and the increased 
facilities of intercourse by rail-roads and canals, have of late added much 
to the sales of the public lands beyond previous years, and beyond the 
proportional increase of population. To the force of these causes have 
been joined, during the last three years, as formerly suggested, the effect of 
the pre-emption law, the increase in the price of cotton, and the unusual 
abundance of surplus capital in 1835 seeking new investments." 

3. " Beside what has already been remarked on the influence which the 
increased cultivation of cotton in this country has in various ways exer- 
cised, and is likely to exercise hereafter, on our revenue from customs and 
land*, it might be made a subject of further and very interesting inquiry, 
in connection with the uncertainty of the estimates on those subjects, affect- 
ing, as that cultivation does, more remotely, not only our revenue from 
lands and customs, but the balance of trade and the export of specie, as 
well as the continuance, by means of mutual dependence among great in- 
terests, of many of our peaceful and prosperous relations, both at home 
and abroad. But without entering, on this occasion, into further details 
concerning any of these points, it may be mentioned as a very striking 
result connected with the last one, and as furnishing a strong presumption 
in favor of greater exemption hereafter from fluctuations by war and com- 
mercial restrictions, that while the quantity of cotton exported from this 
country has increased from half a million of pounds in 1790, to over three 
hundred and eighty millions in 1835, and has exceeded in value, during 
six of the last ten years, all our other exports of domestic products of 
every description, the manufacture of it at home, and chiefly in the 
northern States, has increased, from consuming only a few bales more, to 
ninety millions of pounds yearly, and to that extent creates a new and 
strong bond of reciprocal advantage and harmony; and that while we now 
furnish, instead of the small quantity in the first years of our Government, 
quite fifteen -sixteenths of the whole consumption of raw cotton by Eng- 
land, and seven-tenths of that by France, all the presents exports of it to 
Europe from all the rest of the world do not probably equal, if those two 
nations could obtain the whole, one-third of what they now consume, or 
one-fourth of what they now import from the United States alone ; and 
thus, while neither of them produces any of the raw article, except a little 
in some r mote dependencies, that they have an annual manufacture now 
relying on it, and chiefly on the United States, equal in France to eighty 
millions of dollars, and in England to one hundred and eighty millions of 
dollars, and constituting in the latter, after it supplies her own large neces- 
sities at home, over one-hall* in value of her great annual exports to all 
quarters of the globe." 







[ Doc. No. 

4. 
"Exports of 


146. 

Cotton. 


] 


iO 






duantity. 






Value. 




Yea,". 


n I 




Dollars. 


. 


1792 - 
1793 

1891 


133,328 
L87,6 ' 


! 
i 


32.000 
107^272 
320j352 






— 


3)2,227,6* 3 


i 
: 


459,624 






742,51 


i 


153,208 


Average. 


1802 
1803 
1804 


1 


27i mil 

41 A 

do. 


is. 




o\ millions. 

do. 
; " do. 






do 


• ! 






>2 \ 
L823 i 
1824 


6.9 


Average. 


;.6 






144 

173 T \ 

1 u 






9 1 

^ - 

m 


■ 


3)460 T " 5 




664, 




153.5 


| 


22.1 

31| 

36 

m 

1174, 


Average. 


1832 ! 

L833 | 

34 


3224 
38 ! 











3)103 ii 










i 344 






39.1 


Average 

_L - 



NoTE ._Looki n ,furtherto the ^"^^1?^^ 
comparison of the quantity and va ue ^ ^^ serve t0 uinstrate, 
equidistant periods, as «'^^^ ; ^t hi 1 the 'cultivation and exports 
in a condensed form, th ; ■ S and are likely to exercise hereafter, 

of cotton alone seem to have exercwed, a ndaic UK y ^ indi _ 

on the amount of our who le exports s of do^tep ° customs . 

rectly to affect our importations, a ^ ^^^ have taken the place 



76 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 

3KM£?S dS ^ S la b st3 n O ve ly t* 3 t0 5 ^ ~* "** that 
cent, annually. But of at! the r» n n/ § ***" ° n Qn aVG1 ' a - e near 25 P<* 
greater than Li o f other export ^T cotf on though still milch 
having fallen from c.u f ^on n- * J ? lm,nished aild m ore settled, 

sent Governme nt to Iv To n *"!"§ the firSt ten years of °« r P^ 
whole annuTq uanhtv Z£ T ? *?' Ce ^ dunn - the last te ", though the 
millions ^oiS^ffioS??*?" 81 * the e T mous amo ™ 1 * 380 
quantity now g otn in the uS £ V 111 ^^^ considering the vast 
in the other Larter of the wonfh ' T d j^Y lu ' ly the Cott ° n ralsed 
European markers with otL , , ah ' eady been excluded from *e 

report, may S ^uky tfi ToT^ 8 " amed , in the bod Y of the 
which has prevailed her f X? n & T" 6 ^ lar ratl ° than ™Y 

increase in CInsutg te^S^ " """*"* la ^ er tha » * Probabll 



[ Doc. No. 146. ] 77 



While the preceding tables and notes were in the press Mr a i 
submitted the following resolution, which was consiierecf and a^ee^T 

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasurv , ]n( l P r w^c a- ■ 
the printing of certain tables and note 'on Ih? iLcfof , f^f ° n 
placed by tins House, be authorized to add any foSlS beGn 
on that subject which may occur to him in th fprog e tf&$&£** 



78 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 



ADDENDA. 

Table A, note 3, page 9. Other statements made in some of the Atlantic 
States, and at other periods show a smaller difference between the exports of 
1835 and 1836. to the last dates. In some accounts of the exports kept in 
the southwest for the current year, the quantity is represented there to be 
less at the most recent dates than during- the same period of last year by 
about 70,000 bales, and the stock on hand to be about 100,000 bales less. 

Table 13, page 13. Cotton has been raised in Illinois, and even in Penn- 
sylvania. INiles's Register, February and Marc'hJ 1822, page 371 and 67. 
But it is believed not to be raised of lute to any considerable extent north 
of Tennessee and Virginia! This table shows another striking fact : that 
considerably over half the whole crop of cotton in the United States is now 
raised in the new southwestern States, whose outlets are on the Gulf of 
Mexico, and where little was grown, and scarcely any exportation made 
previous to 1803. 

Table E, note 2, page 18. In the ninth line from the top, the price 
named means the price of common cotton. 

Table L, note 9, page 58. Since these tables were transmitted to the 
House of Representatives, the original letter which was written in conse- 
quence of a circular from Mr. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, on 
the subject of manufactures, dated June 22, 1791. from Moses Brown to J. 
S. Dexter, dated July 22. 1791. has been sent to me. 

It confirms the statement in the notes, that the first cotton mill in Rhode 
Island was built in 1790. Attempts had been made, Mr. B. says, by him- 
self, in 1789, to get the machinery into operation by water, by means of 
models for carding and spining, which the State of Massachusetts had pro- 
cured from abroad. But no mill was actually begun until the autumn of 
1789, when one was commenced by the assistance of Mr. Slater, who had 
then recently come from England, notwithstanding the obstacles which 
were opposed to the emigration of artists, and the exportation of machinery. 
About this time a cotton mill was erected at Beverly, Mass. by an incorpo- 
rated company. See more in that letter, and in Gales and Seaton's Doc. 
vol. 1, Finance, page 142. Hamilton's Report on Manufactures, and 
Pennsylvania Mercury, for 1789. It is said that the model of the machine 
for weaving by water was procured from England, by some persons in 
Delaware, early as April, 1788. See Penn. Mercury. 

[Other small additions to the notes of the later tables were introduced 
into the body of them in the proper places while they were printing, after 
the passage of the resolution, inserted immediately before these addenda.] 



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